Deploy CockroachDB in a Single Kubernetes Cluster (Insecure)

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This page shows you how to start and stop a 3-node CockroachDB insecure test cluster in a single Kubernetes cluster, using one of the following:

Manual StatefulSet configuration
Helm package manager for Kubernetes

Warning:

The --insecure flag used in this tutorial is intended for non-production testing only. To run CockroachDB in production, use a secure cluster instead.

The steps below demonstrate how to quickly deploy and interact with an insecure test cluster. To learn about authenticating, configuring, scaling, and upgrading a CockroachDB cluster on Kubernetes, see Kubernetes Overview.

Tip:

To deploy a free CockroachDB Cloud cluster instead of running CockroachDB yourself, see the Quickstart.

Before you begin

Before getting started, it's helpful to review some Kubernetes-specific terminology and current limitations.

Kubernetes terminology
Best practices

Kubernetes terminology

Feature	Description
node	A physical or virtual machine. In this tutorial, you'll create GCE or AWS instances and join them as worker nodes into a single Kubernetes cluster from your local workstation.
pod	A pod is a group of one or more Docker containers. In this tutorial, each pod will run on a separate Kubernetes node and include one Docker container running a single CockroachDB node. You'll start with 3 pods and grow to 4.
StatefulSet	A StatefulSet is a group of pods treated as stateful units, where each pod has distinguishable network identity and always binds back to the same persistent storage on restart. StatefulSets are considered stable as of Kubernetes version 1.9 after reaching beta in version 1.5.
persistent volumes	A persistent volume is a piece of networked storage (Persistent Disk on GCE, Elastic Block Store on AWS) mounted into a pod. The lifetime of a persistent volume is decoupled from the lifetime of the pod that's using it, ensuring that each CockroachDB node binds back to the same storage on restart. This tutorial assumes that dynamic volume provisioning is available. When that is not the case, persistent volume claims need to be created manually.

Best practices

Kubernetes version

To deploy CockroachDB v24.3, Kubernetes 1.18 or higher is required. Cockroach Labs strongly recommends that you use a Kubernetes version that is eligible for patch support by the Kubernetes project.

Kubernetes Operator

The CockroachDB Kubernetes Operator currently deploys clusters in a single region. For multi-region deployments using manual configs, see Orchestrate CockroachDB Across Multiple Kubernetes Clusters.
Using the Operator, you can give a new cluster an arbitrary number of labels. However, a cluster's labels cannot be modified after it is deployed. To track the status of this limitation, refer to #993 in the Operator project's issue tracker.

Helm version

The CockroachDB Helm chart requires Helm 3.0 or higher. If you attempt to use an incompatible Helm version, an error like the following occurs:

Error: UPGRADE FAILED: template: cockroachdb/templates/tests/client.yaml:6:14: executing "cockroachdb/templates/tests/client.yaml" at <.Values.networkPolicy.enabled>: nil pointer evaluating interface {}.enabled

The CockroachDB Helm chart is currently not under active development, and no new features are planned. However, Cockroach Labs remains committed to fully supporting the Helm chart by addressing defects, providing security patches, and addressing breaking changes due to deprecations in Kubernetes APIs.

A deprecation notice for the Helm chart will be provided to customers a minimum of 6 months in advance of actual deprecation.

Network

Service Name Indication (SNI) is an extension to the TLS protocol which allows a client to indicate which hostname it is attempting to connect to at the start of the TCP handshake process. The server can present multiple certificates on the same IP address and TCP port number, and one server can serve multiple secure websites or API services even if they use different certificates.

Due to its order of operations, the PostgreSQL wire protocol's implementation of TLS is not compatible with SNI-based routing in the Kubernetes ingress controller. Instead, use a TCP load balancer for CockroachDB that is not shared with other services.

Resources

When starting Kubernetes, select machines with at least 4 vCPUs and 16 GiB of memory, and provision at least 2 vCPUs and 8 Gi of memory to CockroachDB per pod. These minimum settings are used by default in this deployment guide, and are appropriate for testing purposes only. On a production deployment, you should adjust the resource settings for your workload. For details, see Resource management.

Storage

Kubernetes deployments use external persistent volumes that are often replicated by the provider. CockroachDB replicates data automatically, and this redundant layer of replication can impact performance. Using local volumes may improve performance.

Step 1. Start Kubernetes

You can use the hosted Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) service or the hosted Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) to quickly start Kubernetes.

Note:

GKE or EKS are not required to run CockroachDB on Kubernetes. A manual GCE or AWS cluster with the minimum recommended Kubernetes version and at least 3 pods, each presenting sufficient resources to start a CockroachDB node, can also be used.

Hosted GKE

Complete the Before You Begin steps described in the Google Kubernetes Engine Quickstart documentation.

This includes installing gcloud, which is used to create and delete Kubernetes Engine clusters, and kubectl, which is the command-line tool used to manage Kubernetes from your workstation.

Tip:

The documentation offers the choice of using Google's Cloud Shell product or using a local shell on your machine. Choose to use a local shell if you want to be able to view the DB Console using the steps in this guide.
From your local workstation, start the Kubernetes cluster, specifying one of the available regions (e.g., us-east1):

Tip:

Since this region can differ from your default gcloud region, be sure to include the --region flag to run gcloud commands against this cluster.
```
$ gcloud container clusters create cockroachdb --machine-type n2-standard-4 --region {region-name} --num-nodes 1
```
```
Creating cluster cockroachdb...done.
```
This creates GKE instances and joins them into a single Kubernetes cluster named cockroachdb. The --region flag specifies a regional three-zone cluster, and --num-nodes specifies one Kubernetes worker node in each zone.

The --machine-type flag tells the node pool to use the n2-standard-4 machine type (4 vCPUs, 16 GB memory), which meets our recommended CPU and memory configuration.

The process can take a few minutes, so do not move on to the next step until you see a Creating cluster cockroachdb...done message and details about your cluster.
Get the email address associated with your Google Cloud account:
```
$ gcloud info | grep Account
```
```
Account: [your.google.cloud.email@example.org]
```
Warning:

This command returns your email address in all lowercase. However, in the next step, you must enter the address using the accurate capitalization. For example, if your address is YourName@example.com, you must use YourName@example.com and not yourname@example.com.

Create the RBAC roles CockroachDB needs for running on GKE, using the address from the previous step:

$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding $USER-cluster-admin-binding \
--clusterrole=cluster-admin \
--user={your.google.cloud.email@example.org}

clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/your.username-cluster-admin-binding created

Hosted EKS

Complete the steps described in the EKS Getting Started documentation.

This includes installing and configuring the AWS CLI and eksctl, which is the command-line tool used to create and delete Kubernetes clusters on EKS, and kubectl, which is the command-line tool used to manage Kubernetes from your workstation.

Note:

If you are running EKS-Anywhere, CockroachDB requires that you configure your default storage class to auto-provision persistent volumes. Alternatively, you can define a custom storage configuration as required by your install pattern.
From your local workstation, start the Kubernetes cluster:

Tip:

To ensure that all 3 nodes can be placed into a different availability zone, you may want to first confirm that at least 3 zones are available in the region for your account.
```
$ eksctl create cluster \
--name cockroachdb \
--nodegroup-name standard-workers \
--node-type m5.xlarge \
--nodes 3 \
--nodes-min 1 \
--nodes-max 4 \
--node-ami auto
```
This creates EKS instances and joins them into a single Kubernetes cluster named cockroachdb. The --node-type flag tells the node pool to use the m5.xlarge instance type (4 vCPUs, 16 GB memory), which meets our recommended CPU and memory configuration.

Cluster provisioning usually takes between 10 and 15 minutes. Do not move on to the next step until you see a message like [✔] EKS cluster "cockroachdb" in "us-east-1" region is ready and details about your cluster.
Open the AWS CloudFormation console to verify that the stacks eksctl-cockroachdb-cluster and eksctl-cockroachdb-nodegroup-standard-workers were successfully created. Be sure that your region is selected in the console.

Step 2. Start CockroachDB

Choose how you want to deploy and maintain the CockroachDB cluster.

From your local workstation, use our cockroachdb-statefulset.yaml file to create the StatefulSet that automatically creates 3 pods, each with a CockroachDB node running inside it.

Download cockroachdb-statefulset.yaml:
```
$ curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/cockroachdb-statefulset.yaml
```
Note:

By default, this manifest specifies CPU and memory resources that are appropriate for the virtual machines used in this deployment example. On a production cluster, you should substitute values that are appropriate for your machines and workload. For details on configuring your deployment, see Resource management.

Use the file to create the StatefulSet and start the cluster:
```
$ kubectl create -f cockroachdb-statefulset.yaml
```
```
service/cockroachdb-public created
service/cockroachdb created
poddisruptionbudget.policy/cockroachdb-budget created
statefulset.apps/cockroachdb created
```
Alternatively, if you'd rather start with a configuration file that has been customized for performance:
1. Download our performance version of cockroachdb-statefulset-insecure.yaml:
```
$ curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/performance/cockroachdb-statefulset-insecure.yaml
```
2. Modify the file wherever there is a TODO comment.
3. Use the file to create the StatefulSet and start the cluster:
```
$ kubectl create -f cockroachdb-statefulset-insecure.yaml
```

Confirm that three pods are Running successfully. Note that they will not be considered Ready until after the cluster has been initialized:

$ kubectl get pods

NAME            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cockroachdb-0   0/1       Running   0          2m
cockroachdb-1   0/1       Running   0          2m
cockroachdb-2   0/1       Running   0          2m

Confirm that the persistent volumes and corresponding claims were created successfully for all three pods:

$ kubectl get persistentvolumes

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM                           REASON    AGE
pvc-52f51ecf-8bd5-11e6-a4f4-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/datadir-cockroachdb-0             26s
pvc-52fd3a39-8bd5-11e6-a4f4-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/datadir-cockroachdb-1             27s
pvc-5315efda-8bd5-11e6-a4f4-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/datadir-cockroachdb-2             27s

Use our cluster-init.yaml file to perform a one-time initialization that joins the CockroachDB nodes into a single cluster:
```
$ kubectl create \
-f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/cluster-init.yaml
```
```
job.batch/cluster-init created
```

Confirm that cluster initialization has completed successfully. The job should be considered successful and the Kubernetes pods should soon be considered Ready:

$ kubectl get job cluster-init

NAME           COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE
cluster-init   1/1           7s         27s

$ kubectl get pods

NAME                 READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
cluster-init-cqf8l   0/1     Completed   0          56s
cockroachdb-0        1/1     Running     0          7m51s
cockroachdb-1        1/1     Running     0          7m51s
cockroachdb-2        1/1     Running     0          7m51s

Tip:

The StatefulSet configuration sets all CockroachDB nodes to log to stderr, so if you ever need access to a pod/node's logs to troubleshoot, use kubectl logs <podname> rather than checking the log on the persistent volume.

Install the Helm client (version 3.0 or higher) and add the cockroachdb chart repository:
```
$ helm repo add cockroachdb https://charts.cockroachdb.com/
```
```
"cockroachdb" has been added to your repositories
```
Update your Helm chart repositories to ensure that you're using the latest CockroachDB chart:
```
$ helm repo update
```
Modify our Helm chart's values.yaml parameters for your deployment scenario.

Create a my-values.yaml file to override the defaults in values.yaml, substituting your own values in this example based on the guidelines below.
```
statefulset:
  resources:
    limits:
      memory: "8Gi"
    requests:
      memory: "8Gi"
conf:
  cache: "2Gi"
  max-sql-memory: "2Gi"
```
1. To avoid running out of memory when CockroachDB is not the only pod on a Kubernetes node, you must set memory limits explicitly. This is because CockroachDB does not detect the amount of memory allocated to its pod when run in Kubernetes. We recommend setting conf.cache and conf.max-sql-memory each to 1/4 of the memory allocation specified in statefulset.resources.requests and statefulset.resources.limits.
  
  Tip:
  
  For example, if you are allocating 8Gi of memory to each CockroachDB node, allocate 2Gi to cache and 2Gi to max-sql-memory.
For an insecure deployment, set tls.enabled to false. For clarity, this example includes the example configuration from the previous steps.
```
statefulset:
  resources:
    limits:
      memory: "8Gi"
    requests:
      memory: "8Gi"
conf:
  cache: "2Gi"
  max-sql-memory: "2Gi"
tls:
  enabled: false
```
1. You may want to modify storage.persistentVolume.size and storage.persistentVolume.storageClass for your use case. This chart defaults to 100Gi of disk space per pod. For more details on customizing disks for performance, see these instructions.
  
  Note:
  
  If necessary, you can expand disk size after the cluster is live.
Install the CockroachDB Helm chart.

Provide a "release" name to identify and track this particular deployment of the chart, and override the default values with those in my-values.yaml.

Note:

This tutorial uses my-release as the release name. If you use a different value, be sure to adjust the release name in subsequent commands.
```
$ helm install my-release --values my-values.yaml cockroachdb/cockroachdb
```
Behind the scenes, this command uses our cockroachdb-statefulset.yaml file to create the StatefulSet that automatically creates 3 pods, each with a CockroachDB node running inside it, where each pod has distinguishable network identity and always binds back to the same persistent storage on restart.

Confirm that CockroachDB cluster initialization has completed successfully, with the pods for CockroachDB showing 1/1 under READY and the pod for initialization showing COMPLETED under STATUS:

$ kubectl get pods

NAME                                READY     STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
my-release-cockroachdb-0            1/1       Running     0          8m
my-release-cockroachdb-1            1/1       Running     0          8m
my-release-cockroachdb-2            1/1       Running     0          8m
my-release-cockroachdb-init-hxzsc   0/1       Completed   0          1h

Confirm that the persistent volumes and corresponding claims were created successfully for all three pods:

$ kubectl get pv

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS    CLAIM                                      STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pvc-71019b3a-fc67-11e8-a606-080027ba45e5   100Gi      RWO            Delete           Bound     default/datadir-my-release-cockroachdb-0   standard                 11m
pvc-7108e172-fc67-11e8-a606-080027ba45e5   100Gi      RWO            Delete           Bound     default/datadir-my-release-cockroachdb-1   standard                 11m
pvc-710dcb66-fc67-11e8-a606-080027ba45e5   100Gi      RWO            Delete           Bound     default/datadir-my-release-cockroachdb-2   standard                 11m

Tip:

The StatefulSet configuration sets all CockroachDB nodes to log to stderr, so if you ever need access to logs for a pod, use kubectl logs <podname> rather than checking the log on the persistent volume.

Step 3. Use the built-in SQL client

Launch a temporary interactive pod and start the built-in SQL client inside it:

$ kubectl run cockroachdb -it \
--image=cockroachdb/cockroach:v24.3.1 \
--rm \
--restart=Never \
-- sql \
--insecure \
--host=cockroachdb-public

$ kubectl run cockroachdb -it \
--image=cockroachdb/cockroach:v24.3.1 \
--rm \
--restart=Never \
-- sql \
--insecure \
--host=my-release-cockroachdb-public

Run some basic CockroachDB SQL statements:

> CREATE DATABASE bank;

> CREATE TABLE bank.accounts (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
      balance DECIMAL
  );

> INSERT INTO bank.accounts (balance)
  VALUES
      (1000.50), (20000), (380), (500), (55000);

> SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;

                   id                  | balance
+--------------------------------------+---------+
  6f123370-c48c-41ff-b384-2c185590af2b |     380
  990c9148-1ea0-4861-9da7-fd0e65b0a7da | 1000.50
  ac31c671-40bf-4a7b-8bee-452cff8a4026 |     500
  d58afd93-5be9-42ba-b2e2-dc00dcedf409 |   20000
  e6d8f696-87f5-4d3c-a377-8e152fdc27f7 |   55000
(5 rows)

Exit the SQL shell and delete the temporary pod:
```
> \q
```

Step 4. Access the DB Console

To access the cluster's DB Console:

In a new terminal window, port-forward from your local machine to the cockroachdb-public service:
```
$ kubectl port-forward service/cockroachdb-public 8080
```
```
$ kubectl port-forward service/cockroachdb-public 8080
```
```
$ kubectl port-forward service/my-release-cockroachdb-public 8080
```
```
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 8080
```
Note:
The port-forward command must be run on the same machine as the web browser in which you want to view the DB Console. If you have been running these commands from a cloud instance or other non-local shell, you will not be able to view the UI without configuring kubectl locally and running the above port-forward command on your local machine.
Go to http://localhost:8080.
In the UI, verify that the cluster is running as expected:
- View the Node List to ensure that all nodes successfully joined the cluster.
- Click the Databases tab on the left to verify that bank is listed.

Step 5. Simulate node failure

Based on the replicas: 3 line in the StatefulSet configuration, Kubernetes ensures that three pods/nodes are running at all times. When a pod/node fails, Kubernetes automatically creates another pod/node with the same network identity and persistent storage.

To see this in action:

Terminate one of the CockroachDB nodes:

$ kubectl delete pod cockroachdb-2

pod "cockroachdb-2" deleted

$ kubectl delete pod cockroachdb-2

pod "cockroachdb-2" deleted

$ kubectl delete pod my-release-cockroachdb-2

pod "my-release-cockroachdb-2" deleted

In the DB Console, the Cluster Overview will soon show one node as Suspect. As Kubernetes auto-restarts the node, watch how the node once again becomes healthy.

Back in the terminal, verify that the pod was automatically restarted:

$ kubectl get pod cockroachdb-2

NAME            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cockroachdb-2   1/1       Running   0          12s

$ kubectl get pod cockroachdb-2

NAME            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cockroachdb-2   1/1       Running   0          12s

$ kubectl get pod my-release-cockroachdb-2

NAME                       READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
my-release-cockroachdb-2   1/1       Running   0          44s

Step 6. Stop the cluster

This procedure shuts down the CockroachDB cluster and deletes the resources you just created, including the logs. This command intentionally does not delete the persistent volumes that were attached to the pods or any secrets you may have created. Before deleting a cluster's persistent volumes, be sure to back them up. For more information, refer to Delete a Cluster's Persistent Volumes and Managing Secrets Using kubectl in the Kubernetes project's documentation.

Warning:

Do not use the --all flag to kubectl delete, to avoid the risk of unintentional data loss.

This command is very long; you may need to scroll your browser to read all of it.

kubectl delete \
  pods,statefulsets,services,poddisruptionbudget,jobs,rolebinding,clusterrolebinding,role,clusterrole,serviceaccount,alertmanager,prometheus,prometheusrule,serviceMonitor \
  -l app=cockroachdb

pod "cockroachdb-0" deleted
pod "cockroachdb-1" deleted
pod "cockroachdb-2" deleted
pod "cockroachdb-3" deleted
service "alertmanager-cockroachdb" deleted
service "cockroachdb" deleted
service "cockroachdb-public" deleted
poddisruptionbudget "cockroachdb-budget" deleted
job "cluster-init" deleted
clusterrolebinding "prometheus" deleted
clusterrole "prometheus" deleted
serviceaccount "prometheus" deleted
alertmanager "cockroachdb" deleted
prometheus "cockroachdb" deleted
prometheusrule "prometheus-cockroachdb-rules" deleted
servicemonitor "cockroachdb" deleted

$ helm uninstall my-release

release "my-release" deleted

Delete a cluster's persistent volumes

If you need to free up the storage used by CockroachDB, you can optionally delete the persistent volumes that were attached to the pods, after first backing up your data.

Warning:

Before you delete a cluster's persistent volumes, be sure you have a backup copy of your data. Data cannot be recovered once the persistent volumes are deleted. For more information, see the Kubernetes documentation.

Refer to the Kubernetes project's documentation for more information and recommendations.

Stop Kubernetes

To delete the Kubernetes cluster:

Hosted GKE:
```
$ gcloud container clusters delete cockroachdb
```
Hosted EKS:
```
$ eksctl delete cluster --name cockroachdb
```
Manual GCE:
```
$ cluster/kube-down.sh
```
Manual AWS:
```
$ cluster/kube-down.sh
```

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Deploy CockroachDB in a Single Kubernetes Cluster (Insecure)

Before you begin

Kubernetes terminology

Best practices

Kubernetes version

Kubernetes Operator

Helm version

Network

Resources

Storage

Step 1. Start Kubernetes

Hosted GKE

Hosted EKS

Step 2. Start CockroachDB

Step 3. Use the built-in SQL client

Step 4. Access the DB Console

Step 5. Simulate node failure

Step 6. Stop the cluster

Delete a cluster's persistent volumes

Stop Kubernetes

See also