Create a Multi-region Database Schema

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This page guides you through creating a database schema for an example global application. It is the second section of the Develop and Deploy a Global Application tutorial.

Before you begin

Before you begin this section, complete the previous section of the tutorial, MovR: A Global Application Use-Case.

We also recommend reviewing CockroachDB's multi-region capabilities, if you have not done so already.

The movr database

The example MovR application is built on a multi-region deployment of CockroachDB, loaded with the movr database. This database contains the following tables:

• users
• vehicles
• rides

These tables store information about the users and vehicles registered with MovR, and the rides associated with those users and vehicles.

Initialization statements for movr are defined in dbinit.sql, a SQL file that you use later in this tutorial to load the database to a running cluster.

Multi-region in CockroachDB

A distributed CockroachDB deployment consists of multiple, regional instances of CockroachDB that communicate as a single, logical entity. In CockroachDB terminology, each instance is called a node. Together, the nodes form a cluster.

To keep track of geographic information about nodes in a cluster, CockroachDB uses cluster regions, database regions, and table localities.

Cluster and database regions

When you add a node to a cluster, you can assign the node a specific locality. Localities represent a geographic region or zone, and are meant to correspond directly to the cloud provider region or zone in which the node is deployed.

Each unique regional locality is stored in CockroachDB as a cluster region. After a cluster is deployed, you can assign regions to new and existing databases in the cluster.

Here is the CREATE DATABASE statement for the movr database:

> 
CREATE DATABASE movr PRIMARY REGION "gcp-us-east1" REGIONS "gcp-us-east1", "gcp-europe-west1", "gcp-us-west1";

Note that movr has the following database regions, which correspond to regions in Google Cloud:

• gcp-us-east1 (primary)
• gcp-europe-west1
• gcp-us-west1

Table localities

After you have added regions to a database, you can control where the data in each table in the database is stored, using table localities.

By default, CockroachDB uses the table locality setting REGIONAL BY TABLE IN PRIMARY REGION for all new tables added to a multi-region database. The REGIONAL BY TABLE table locality optimizes read and write access to the data in a table from a single region (in this case, the primary region gcp-us-east1).

The movr database contains tables with rows of data that need to be accessed by users in more than one region. As a result, none of the tables benefit from using a REGIONAL BY TABLE locality. Instead, all three tables in the movr database schema should use a REGIONAL BY ROW locality. For REGIONAL BY ROW tables, CockroachDB automatically assigns each row to a region based on the locality of the node from which the row is inserted. It then optimizes subsequent read and write queries executed from nodes located in the region assigned to the rows being queried.

The users table

Here is the CREATE TABLE statement for the users table:

> 
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
  id uuid PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  city STRING NOT NULL,
  first_name STRING,
  last_name STRING,
  email STRING,
  username STRING,
  password_hash STRING,
  is_owner bool,
  UNIQUE INDEX users_username_key (username ASC)) 
  LOCALITY REGIONAL BY ROW;

The vehicles table

> 
CREATE TABLE vehicles (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    type STRING,
    city STRING,
    owner_id UUID,
    date_added date,
    status STRING,
    last_location STRING,
    color STRING,
    brand STRING, 
    CONSTRAINT fk_ref_users FOREIGN KEY (owner_id) REFERENCES users (id))
    LOCALITY REGIONAL BY ROW;

Note that the vehicles table has a foreign key constraint on the users table, for the city and owner_id columns. This guarantees that a vehicle is registered to a particular user (i.e., an "owner") in the city where that user is registered.

The rides table

> 
CREATE TABLE rides (
  id uuid PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  city STRING NOT NULL,
  vehicle_id uuid,
  rider_id uuid,
  start_location STRING,
  end_location STRING,
  start_time timestamptz,
  end_time timestamptz,
  length interval,
  CONSTRAINT fk_city_ref_users FOREIGN KEY (rider_id) REFERENCES users (id),
  CONSTRAINT fk_vehicle_ref_vehicles FOREIGN KEY (vehicle_id) REFERENCES vehicles (id)) 
  LOCALITY REGIONAL BY ROW;

Note that, like the vehicles table, the rides table has foreign key constraints. These constraints are on the users and the vehicles tables.

Next steps

Now that you are familiar with the movr schema, you can set up a development environment for the application.

See also

• movr-flask on GitHub
• CockroachDB terminology
• Configure Replication Zones
• CONFIGURE ZONE
• Define Table Partitions
• PARTITION BY

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