What's New in v21.2

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v21.2.17

Release Date: October 17, 2022

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Full CockroachDB executable

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The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

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docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.17

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.16...v21.2.17

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a rare internal error that could occur during planning when a query predicate included values close to the maximum or minimum int64 value. The error, estimated row count must be non-zero, has now been fixed. #88955
  • Fixed a longstanding bug that could cause the optimizer to produce an incorrect plan when aggregate functions st_makeline or st_extent were called with invalid-type and empty inputs respectively. #88954
  • Fixed a bug that caused high SQL tail latencies during background rebalancing in the cluster. #88738
  • Fixed a bug where draining or drained nodes could re-acquire leases during an import or an index backfill. #88725
  • Fixed a bug that caused incorrect evaluation of expressions in the form col +/- const1 ? const2, where const1 and const2 are constant values and ? is any comparison operator. The bug was caused by operator overflow when the optimizer attempted to simplify these expressions to have a single constant value. #88971
  • Fixed a bug that has existed since v2.1.0 where queries containing a subquery with EXCEPT could produce incorrect results. This could happen if the optimizer could guarantee that the left side of the EXCEPT always returned more rows than the right side. In this case, the optimizer made a faulty assumption that the EXCEPT subquery always returned at least one row, which could cause the optimizer to perform an invalid transformation, possibly causing the full query to return incorrect results. #89132
  • CockroachDB will now flush the write-ahead log on consistency checker failures when writing storage checkpoints. #89401
  • Fixed a bug that could cause incorrect results from the floor division operator, //, when the numerator is non-constant and the denominator is the constant 1. #89264
  • Fixed a source of internal connectivity problems that would resolve after restarting the affected node. #89618
  • Fixed errors that may occur in automatic statistics collection when the cluster setting sql.stats.automatic_collection.min_stale_rows is set to 0. #89706
  • Fixed a bug that caused spurious failures when running a restore. #89019

Contributors

This release includes 17 merged PRs by 13 authors.

v21.2.16

Release Date: September 29, 2022

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Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

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docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.16

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.15...v21.2.16

SQL language changes

  • EXPLAIN ANALYZE output now contains a warning when the estimated row count for scans is inaccurate. It includes a hint to collect the table statistics manually. #86873
  • Added a cluster setting sql.metrics.statement_details.gateway_node.enabled that controls if the gateway node ID should be persisted to the system.statement_statistics table as is or as a 0, to decrease cardinality on the table. The node ID is still available on the statistics column. #88636

Command-line changes

  • The \c metacommand in the cockroach sql shell no longer shows the password in plaintext. #87550

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a crash that could happen when formatting queries that have placeholder BitArray arguments. #86886
  • Previously, queries with many joins and projections of multi-column expressions, e.g., col1 + col2, either present in the query or within a virtual column definition, could experience very long optimization times or hangs, where the query is never sent for execution. This has now been fixed. #85872
  • Fixed a bug that caused some special characters to be misread if COPY ... FROM into a TEXT[] column was reading them. #86888
  • Fixed a crash/panic that could occur if placeholder arguments were used with the with_min_timestamp or with_max_staleness functions. #86882
  • Previously, escaping a double quote (") with COPY in CSV mode could ignore all subsequent lines in the same COPY if an ESCAPE clause were specified. This is now resolved. #86976
  • Previously, CockroachDB would return an internal error when evaluating the json_build_object built-in when an enum datum was passed as the first argument. This is now fixed. #86850
  • Fixed a vulnerability in the optimizer that could cause a panic in rare cases when planning complex queries with ORDER BY. #86807
  • An active replication report update could prevent a node from shutting down until it completed. The report update is now cancelled on node shutdown instead. #87923
  • Fixed an issue where imports and rebalances were being slowed down due to the accumulation of empty directories from range snapshot applications. #88142
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could incorrectly not fetch rows with NULL values when reading from the unique secondary index when multiple column families were defined for the table, and the index didn't store some of the NOT NULL columns. #88207
  • Fixed a bug where if telemetry is enabled, COPY can sometimes cause the server to crash. #88326
  • Fixed a bug that could cause nodes to crash in rare cases when executing apply joins in query plans. #88518
  • Fixed a bug that caused errors in rare cases when executing queries with correlated WITH expressions. This bug was present since correlated WITH expressions were introduced in v21.2.0. #88518

Performance improvements

  • Long-running SQL sessions are now less likely to maintain large allocations for long periods of time, which decreases the risk of OOM and improves memory utilization. #86798
  • Made sending and receiving Raft queue sizes match. Previously the receiver could unnecessarily drop messages in situations when the sending queue is bigger than the receiving one. cockroachdb/cockroach#88447

Contributors

This release includes 37 merged PRs by 20 authors.

v21.2.15

Release Date: August 29, 2022

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Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

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docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.15

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.14...v21.2.15

Command-line changes

  • The CLI now contains a flag (--log-config-vars) that allows for environment variables to be specified for expansion within the logging configuration file. This allows a single logging configuration file to service an array of sinks without further manipulation of the configuration file. #85172
  • cockroach debug zip now includes all system tables by default, except for a few (a deny list). #86142

Bug fixes

  • Fixed incorrect error handling that could cause casts to OID types to fail in some cases. #85125
  • Fixed a bug introduced in v20.2 that could cause a panic when an expression contained a geospatial comparison like ~ that was negated. #84629
  • Nodes no longer gossip information about table statistics once all nodes in the cluster are upgraded to v21.2. #85494
  • Fixed an error that could occur when a query included a limited reverse scan and some rows needed to be retrieved by GET requests. #85583
  • Fixed a bug where clients could sometimes receive errors due to lease acquisition timeouts of the form operation "storage.pendingLeaseRequest: requesting lease" timed out after 6s. #85429
  • Fixed a bug that could cause union queries to return incorrect results in rare cases. #85653
  • Fixed a bug that could cause a panic in rare cases when the unnest() function was used with a tuple return type. #85347
  • Fixed an issue where the NO_INDEX_JOIN hint could be ignored by the optimizer in some cases, causing it to create a query plan with an index join. #86089
  • Previously, an empty column in the input to COPY ... FROM CSV would be treated as an empty string. Now, this is treated as NULL. The quoted empty string can still be used to input an empty string. Similarly, if a different NULL token is specified in the command options, it can be quoted in order to be treated as the equivalent string value. #86148

Contributors

This release includes 26 merged PRs by 17 authors.

v21.2.14

Release Date: August 1, 2022

Downloads

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Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

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docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.14

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.13...v21.2.14

Security updates

SQL language changes

  • The error code reported when trying to use a system or virtual column in the STORING clause of an index has been changed from XXUUU (internal error) to 0A000 (feature not supported). #83649
  • The error code reported when attempting to use a system column in an index as a key column has been changed from XXUUU (internal error) to 0A000 (feature not supported). #83649
  • AS OF SYSTEM TIME now takes the time zone into account when converting to UTC. For example: 2022-01-01 08:00:00-04:00 is treated the same as 2022-01-01 12:00:00 instead of 2022-01-01 08:00:00 #84665
  • Added additional logging for COPY statements to the SQL_EXEC channel if the sql.trace.log_statement_execute cluster setting is set. #84679
  • An error message is now logged to the SQL_EXEC channel when parsing fails. #84679

Operational changes

DB Console changes

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a bug in transaction lifetime management where a lock could be held for a long period of time when adding a new column to a table (or altering a column type). This contention could make the Jobs page non-responsive and job adoption slow. #83475
  • Fixed a bug that prevented partial indexes from being used in some query plans. For example, a partial index with a predicate WHERE a IS NOT NULL was not previously used if a was a NOT NULL column. #83240
  • CockroachDB now treats node unavailable errors as retry-able changefeed errors. #82876
  • CockroachDB now ensures running changefeeds do not inhibit node shutdown. #82876
  • Index joins now consider functional dependencies from their input when determining equivalent columns instead of returning an internal error. #83550
  • Fixed a bug where using ADD COLUMN or DROP COLUMN with the legacy schema changer could fail on tables with large rows due to exceeding the Raft command max size. #83817
  • Fixed a bug that may have caused a panic if a Kafka server being written to by a changefeed failed at the wrong moment. #83922
  • The cockroach debug merge-logs command no longer returns an error when the log decoder attempts to parse older logs. #83748
  • A flush message sent during portal execution in the pgwire extended protocol no longer results in an error. #83954
  • Previously, virtual computed columns which were marked as NOT NULL could be added to new secondary indexes. Now, attempts to add such columns to a secondary index will result in an error. Note that such invalid columns can still be added to tables. Work to resolve that bug is tracked in #81675. #83552
  • Fixed a rare issue where the failure to apply a Pebble manifest change (typically due to block device failure or unavailability) could result in an incorrect LSM state. Such a state would likely result in a panic soon after the failed application. This change alters the behavior of Pebble to panic immediately in the case of a failure to apply a change to the manifest. #83734
  • Moved connection OK log and metric to the same location after authentication completes for consistency. This resolves an inconsistency (see linked issue) in the DB Console where the log and metric did not match. #84175
  • Previously, CockroachDB would not normalize timestamp/timestamptz - timestamp/timestamptz like PostgreSQL does in some cases (depending on the query). This is now fixed. #84002
  • Fixed an internal error node ... with MaxCost added to the memo that could occur during planning when calculating the cardinality of an outer join when one of the inputs had 0 rows. #84381
  • Fixed a bug in transaction conflict resolution which could allow backups to wait on long-running transactions. #83905
  • Fixed a "fake" memory accounting leak that in rare cases could result in memory budget exceeded errors even if the actual RAM usage is within --max-sql-memory limit. #84325
  • Fixed the following built-in functions so that users can only run them if they have SELECT privileges on the relevant tables: crdb_internal.revalidate_unique_constraints_in_all_tables, crdb_internal.revalidate_unique_constraints_in_table, and crdb_internal.revalidate_unique_constraint. #84272
  • Fixed a bug that could cause existing secondary indexes to be unexpectedly dropped after running an ALTER PRIMARY KEY statement, if the new primary key column set is a subset of the old primary key column set. #84578
  • Fixed a bug that was introduced in release 21.2.0 that could cause increased memory usage when scanning a table with wide rows. #84921

Contributors

This release includes 41 merged PRs by 26 authors.

v21.2.13

Release Date: July 5, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

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docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.13

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.12...v21.2.13

SQL language changes

Bug fixes

  • Raft snapshots no longer risk starvation under very high concurrency. Before this fix, it was possible that many of Raft snapshots could be starved and prevented from succeeding due to timeouts, which were accompanied by errors like error rate limiting bulk io write: context deadline exceeded. #81335
  • ST_MinimumBoundingCircle no longer panics with NaN coordinates. #81461
  • Fixed an issue where the encryptionStatus field on the Stores debug page of the DB Console would display an error instead of displaying encryption details when encryption-at-rest is enabled. #81525
  • Fixed a panic that was caused by setting the tracing session variable using SET LOCAL or ALTER ROLE ... SET.#81507
  • Previously, cancelling COPY commands would show an XXUUU error, instead of 57014. This is now fixed. #81604
  • Fixed a bug that caused errors with the message unable to vectorize execution plan: unhandled expression type in rare cases. This bug had been present since v21.2.0. #81589
  • Fixed a bug where changefeeds could fail permanently if encountering an error while planning their distribution, even though such errors are usually transient. #81691
  • Fixed a gap in disk-stall detection. Previously, disk stalls during filesystem metadata operations could go undetected, inducing deadlocks. Now stalls during these types of operations will correctly kill the process. #81769
  • Fixed an issue where CockroachDB would encounter an internal error when executing queries with lead or lag window functions when the default argument had a different type than the first argument. #81758
  • Fixed a bug where queries from a table with a CHECK constraint could error out if the query had ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses. #81957
  • Fixed a nil pointer exception during the cleanup of a failed or cancelled RESTORE job. #79032
  • The Statements and Transactions pages no longer crash when a search term includes *. #82084
  • The special characters * and ^ are no longer highlighted when searching on the Statements and Transactions pages. #82084
  • Previously, if materialized view creation failed during the backfill stage, CockroachDB would properly clean up the view but not any of the back references. Back and forward references for materialized views are now cleaned up. #82100
  • Fixed a bug introduced in v21.2 where the sql-stats-compaction job had a chance of not being scheduled during an upgrade from v21.1 to v21.2, causing persisted statement and transaction statistics to be enabled without memory accounting. #82282
  • The --user argument is no longer ignored when using cockroach sql in --insecure mode. #82300
  • The SHOW STATISTICS output no longer displays statistics involving dropped columns. #82318
  • Fixed the identity_generation column in the information_schema.columns table so its value is either BY DEFAULT, ALWAYS, or NULL.#82183
  • Disk write probes during node liveness heartbeats will no longer get stuck on stalled disks, instead returning an error once the operation times out. Additionally, disk probes now run in parallel on nodes with multiple stores. #81514
  • Fixed a bug where an unresponsive node (e.g., a node with a stalled disk) could prevent other nodes from acquiring its leases, effectively stalling these ranges until the node was shut down or recovered. #81816
  • Previously, when adding a column to a pre-existing table and adding a partial index referencing that column in the transaction, DML operations against the table while the schema change was ongoing would fail. Now these hazardous schema changes are not allowed. #82670
  • In v21.1, a bug was introduced whereby default values were recomputed when populating data in new secondary indexes for columns which were added in the same transaction as the index. This would arise, for example, in cases like ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN f FLOAT8 UNIQUE DEFAULT (random()). If the default expression was not volatile, then the recomputation was harmless. If, however, the default expression was volatile, the data in the secondary index would not match the data in the primary index: a corrupt index would have been created. This bug has now been fixed. #83223
  • Previously, a user could be connected to a database but unable to see the metadata for that database in pg_catalog if the user did not have privileges for the database. Now, users can always see the pg_catalog metadata for a database they are connected to. #83359
  • Fixed a bug where it was possible to have a virtual computed column with an active NOT NULL constraint despite having rows in the table for which the column was NULL. #83355
  • Fixed an issue with the soundex function where certain unicode inputs could result in crashes, errors, or incorrect outputs. #83434
  • Fixed a bug where it was possible to accrue MVCC garbage for much longer than needed. #82969

Contributors

This release includes 56 merged PRs by 29 authors.

v21.2.12

Release Date: June 6, 2022

Downloads

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Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

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docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.12

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.11...v21.2.12

Miscellaneous

  • Fixed an internal logging bug that affected the stability of the server. #4f97a101e

Contributors

This release includes 2 commits by 2 authors.

v21.2.11

Release Date: May 23, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

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docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.11

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.10...v21.2.11

Enterprise edition changes

  • Fixed a bug where backups in the base directory of a Google Storage bucket would not be discovered by SHOW BACKUPS. These backups will now appear correctly. #80510

SQL language changes

  • When using Azure Cloud Storage for data operations, CockroachDB now calculates the Storage Account URL from the provided AZURE_ENVIRONMENT query parameter. This defaults to AzurePublicCloud if not specified to maintain backwards compatibility. This parameter should not be used when the cluster is in a mixed version or upgrading state, as nodes that have not been upgraded will continue to send requests to the AzurePublicCloud even in the presence of this parameter. #80800
  • Added a new session variable, enable_multiple_modifications_of_table, which can be used instead of the cluster variable sql.multiple_modifications_of_table.enabled to allow statements containing multiple INSERT ON CONFLICT, UPSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE subqueries to modify the same table. The underlying issue #70731 is not fixed: table corruption remains possible if the same row is modified multiple times by different subqueries of a single statement, regardless of the value of the new enable_multiple_modifications_of_table session variable or the existing sql.multiple_modifications_of_table.enabled cluster variable. Cockroach Labs recommends rewriting these statements, but the session variable is provided as an aid if this is not possible. #81016

DB Console changes

  • Added an alert banner on the Overview list page to warn users when staggered node versions are detected in a cluster. #80742

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a rare crash which can occur when restarting a node after dropping tables. #80571
  • Fixed a bug where in very rare circumstances CockroachDB could incorrectly evaluate queries with ORDER BY clauses when the prefix of ordering was already provided by the index ordering of the scanned table. #80731
  • The list of recently decommissioned nodes and the historical list of decommissioned nodes now correctly displays decommissioned nodes. #80747
  • Fixed a goroutine leak when internal rangefeed clients received certain kinds of retryable errors. #80797
  • Fixed a bug in which some prepared statements could result in incorrect results when executed. This could occur when the prepared statement included an equality comparison between an index column and a placeholder, and the placeholder was cast to a type that was different from the column type. For example, if column a was of type DECIMAL, the following prepared query could produce incorrect results when executed: SELECT * FROM t_dec WHERE a = $1::INT8; #81364

Contributors

This release includes 22 merged PRs by 20 authors. We would like to thank the following contributors from the CockroachDB community:

  • Nathan Lowe (first-time contributor)

v21.2.10

Release Date: May 2, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.10

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.9...v21.2.10

Security updates

Enterprise edition changes

SQL language changes

  • A pgerror with code 22P02 is now returned when an invalid cast to OID is made. #79849
  • An incremental backup now fails if the AS OF SYSTEM TIME is less than the previous backup's end time. #80287

DB Console changes

  • Filtering by column is added to Hot Ranges page. #79645
  • Added dropdown filter on the Node Diagnostics page to view by active, decommissioned, or all nodes. #80336

Bug fixes

  • The execution time as reported on DISTSQL diagrams within the statement bundle collected via EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) is no longer negative when the statement encountered an error. #79369
  • An internal error when the inner expression of a column access expression evaluated to NULL no longer occurs. For example, evaluation of the expression (CASE WHEN b THEN ((ROW(1) AS a)) ELSE NULL END).a would error when b is false. #79528
  • An error when accessing a named column of a labelled tuple no longer occurs. The error occurred when an expression could produce one of several different tuples. For example, (CASE WHEN true THEN (ROW(1) AS a) ELSE (ROW(2) AS a) END).a would fail to evaluate. #79528
  • Pebble compaction heuristics no longer allow a large compaction backlog to accumulate, eventually triggering high read amplification. #79611
  • HTTP 304 responses no longer result in error logs. #79860
  • A custom time series metric sql.distsql.queries.spilled is no longer computed incorrectly leading to an exaggerated number. #79881
  • nextval and setval are non-transactional except when they is called in the same transaction that the sequence was created in. Creating a sequence and calling nextval or setval on it within a transaction no longer causes the query containing nextval to hang. #79866
  • The SQL Activity page no longer returns a "descriptor not found" error in a v21.1-v21.2 mixed version state. #79795
  • Resetting SQL statistics in v21.1-v21.2 mixed version state no longer causes a "descriptor not found" error. #79795
  • In a v21.1-v21.2 mixed version state CockroachDB no longer attempts to flush statistics to disk. It also does not log a "descriptor not found" error messages. #79795
  • Added a detailed error message for index out of bounds when decoding a binary tuple datum. #79963
  • CockroachDB no longer encounters an internal error when evaluating queries with OFFSET and LIMIT clauses when the addition of the offset and the limit value would be larger than int64 range. #79924
  • Automatic encryption-at-rest data key rotation is no longer disabled after a node restart without a store key rotation. #80170
  • When using ST_Intersects, ST_Within, or ST_Covers spatial functions, NaN coordinates no longer return true for point in polygon operations. #80201
  • ST_MinimumBoundingCircle no longer panics with infinite coordinates and a num_segs argument. #80346
  • The formatting/printing behavior for ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES was fixed, which corrects some mistaken error messages. #80326
  • Bulk data sent to the KV storage layer is now sent at reduced admission control priority. #80387

Performance improvements

Contributors

This release includes 38 merged PRs by 26 authors.

v21.2.9

Release Date: April 13, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.9

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.8...v21.2.9

SQL language changes

Operational changes

  • Added a new metric that charts the number of bytes received via snapshot on any given store. #79056

DB Console changes

  • Minor styling changes on the DB Console's Hot Ranges page to follow the same style as other pages. #79498

Bug fixes

  • Fixed num_runs being incremented twice for certain jobs upon being started. #79051
  • Index usage stats are now properly captured for index joins. #79240
  • ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN and ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN are now both subject to admission control, which will prevent these operations from overloading the storage engine. #79211
  • Fixed a performance regression released in v21.1.7 that reverted BACKUP to its pre-v21.2.5 memory usage and runtime during planning of larger backups with many prior incremental layers. #79267
  • Fixed a bug where SHOW SCHEMAS FROM <schema> would not include user-defined schemas. #79307
  • Previously, IMPORT INTO could create duplicate entries for UNIQUE constraints in REGIONAL BY ROW tables and tables utilizing UNIQUE WITHOUT INDEX constraints. This fix introduces a new validation step after the IMPORT INTO for those tables, which will cause the IMPORT INTO to fail and be rolled back in such cases. #79326
  • Fixed a bug in I/O admission control that could result in admission control failing to rate-limit when traffic was stalled such that no work was admitted, despite the store's being in an unhealthy state. #79342
  • Previously, CockroachDB could run into memory budget exceeded errors when performing lookup joins under certain memory conditions. This fix causes such operations to now more reliably spill to disk, which should reduce these errors for larger joins. #79353
  • BACKUP read requests are now sent with lower admission control priority than normal traffic.#79367
  • Previously, LIMIT queries with an ORDER BY clause which scan the index of virtual system tables, such as pg_type, could return incorrect results. This is corrected by teaching the optimizer that LIMIT operations cannot be pushed into ordered scans of virtual indexes. #79464
  • Fixed a bug that caused the optimizer to generate query plans with logically incorrect lookup joins. The bug, present since v21.2.0, can only occur in queries with an inner join, e.g., t1 JOIN t2, if all of the following are true:
    • The join contains an equality condition between columns of both tables, e.g., t1.a = t2.a.
    • A query filter or CHECK constraint constrains a column to a set of specific values, e.g., t2.b IN (1, 2, 3). In the case of a CHECK constraint, the column must be NOT NULL.
    • A query filter or CHECK constraint constrains a column to a range, e.g., t2.c > 0. In the case of a CHECK constraint, the column must be NOT NULL.
    • An index contains a column from each of the criteria above, e.g., INDEX t2(a, b, c). #79505
  • Fixed a bug that caused the optimizer to generate invalid query plans that could result in incorrect query results. The bug, present since version v21.1.0, can appear if all of the following conditions are true:
    • The query contains a semi-join, e.g., with the format SELECT * FROM a WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM b WHERE a.a @> b.b).
    • The inner table has a multi-column inverted index containing the inverted column in the filter.
    • The index prefix columns are constrained to a set of values via the filter or a CHECK constraint, e.g., with an IN operator. In the case of a CHECK constraint, the column is NOT NULL. #79505
  • Fixed a bug preventing DB Console from properly loading static assets, causing the interface to appear blank. #79662

Performance improvements

  • The DB Console no longer downloads unused JS files on load. #78668
  • The DB Console now supports caching of files in the web browser. #79394

Contributors

This release includes 31 merged PRs by 19 authors.

v21.2.8

Release Date: April 4, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.8

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.7...v21.2.8

Security updates

  • Users can enable HSTS headers to be set on all HTTP requests, which force browsers to upgrade to HTTPS without a redirect. This is controlled by setting the server.hsts.enabled cluster setting, which is false by default, to true. #77845
  • Added a new flag --external-io-enable-non-admin-implicit-access that can remove the admin-only restriction on interacting with arbitrary network endpoints and using implicit authentication in operations such as BACKUP, IMPORT, or EXPORT. #78599

Enterprise edition changes

  • Changefeeds running on tables with a low value for the gc.ttlseconds cluster setting will function more reliably due to protected timestamps being maintained for the changefeed targets at the resolved timestamp of the changefeed. The frequency at which the protected timestamp is updated to the resolved timestamp can be configured through the changefeed.protect_timestamp_interval cluster setting. If the changefeed lags too far behind such that storage of old data becomes an issue, cancelling the changefeed will release the protected timestamps and allow garbage collection to resume. If protect_data_from_gc_on_pause is unset, pausing the changefeed will release the existing protected timestamp record. #77589
  • Added the changefeed.backfill_pending_ranges prometheus metric to track the ongoing backfill progress of a changefeed. #77383
  • Changefeeds now record message size histograms. #77932
  • The number of concurrent catchup scan requests issued by a rangefeed client is now limited. #77932
  • Removed the expensive and unnecessary schedules.round.schedules-ready-to-run and schedules.round.num-jobs-running metrics from job schedulers. #78583

SQL language changes

  • Added a sql.auth.resolve_membership_single_scan.enabled cluster setting, which changes the query for an internal role membership cache. Previously the code would recursively look up each role in the membership hierarchy, leading to multiple queries. With the setting on, it uses a single query. This setting is false by default. #77631
  • When users run SHOW BACKUP on an encrypted incremental backup, they must now set the encyrption_info_dir directory to the full backup directory in order for SHOW BACKUP to work. #78141
  • The stats compaction scheduled job no longer causes intent buildup. #78583
  • Implemented a scheduled logger used to capture index usage statistics to the telemetry logging channel. #78522

Operational changes

  • The setting kv.bulk_io_write.min_capacity_remaining_fraction can now be set to cause bulk ingest operations like IMPORT, RESTORE, or CREATE INDEX to fail rather than write to a node that is running out of disk space. #78575
  • Improved jobs system resilience to scheduled jobs that may lock up the scheduled jobs table for long periods of time. Each schedule now has a limited amount of time to complete its execution. The timeout is controlled via the jobs.scheduler.schedule_execution.timeout cluster setting. #77620

Command-line changes

  • The cockroach debug tsdump command now allows viewing timeseries data even in cases of node failure by allowing users to rerun the command with the import filename set to "-". #77976
  • Fixed a bug where running cockroach demo with the --global flag would not simulate latencies correctly when combined with the --insecure flag. #78170

DB Console changes

  • Added a Hot Ranges page and linked to it in the sidebar. #77594
  • The _status/nodes endpoint is now available to all users with the VIEWACTIVITY role option, not just admin users. In the DB Console, the Nodes Overview and Node Reports pages will now display unredacted information containing node hostnames and IP addresses for all users with the VIEWACTIVITY role option. #78275
  • Fixed a bug where a node in the UNAVAILABLE state would not have latency defined and caused the network page to crash. #78627

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a bug that caused errors when attempting to create table statistics (with CREATE STATISTICS or ANALYZE) for a table containing an index that indexed only virtual computed columns. This bug has been present since v21.1.0. #77565
  • Fixed a bug when adding a hash-sharded index to a table watched by a changefeed. #77739
  • Fixed successive schema change backfills from skipping spans that were checkpointed by an initial backfill that was restarted. #77829
  • Attempting to run concurrent profiles now works up to a concurrency limit of two. This will remove the occurrence of profile id not found errors while running up to two profiles concurrently. When a profile is not found, the error message has been updated to suggest troubleshooting steps. #77977
  • Fixed an optimizer bug that prevented expressions of the form (NULL::STRING[] <@ ARRAY['x']) from being folded to NULL. This bug was introduced in v21.2.0. #78039
  • Added a limit of seven concurrent asynchronous consistency checks per store, with an upper timeout of one hour. This prevents abandoned consistency checks from building up in some circumstances, which could lead to increasing disk usage as they held onto Pebble snapshots. #77611
  • Fixed a bug where the Statement Details page fails to load query plan even after when the plan has been sampled. #78105
  • Fixed a memory leak in the Pebble block cache. #78257
  • Fixed a bug that caused internal errors when COALESCE and IF expressions had inner expressions with different types that could not be cast to a common type. #78342
  • CockroachDB might now fetch fewer rows when performing lookup and index joins on queries with the LIMIT clause. #78474
  • A zone config change event now includes the correct details of what was changed instead of incorrectly displaying undefined. #78634
  • Fixed a bug that prevented a table created on a 22.1 node to be queried on a 21.2 node in a mixed-version cluster. #78657
  • Fixed a bug that caused errors when trying to evaluate queries with NULL values annotated as a tuple type, such as NULL:::RECORD. This bug was present since v19.1. #78635
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could lose INT2VECTOR and OIDVECTOR types of some arrays. #78630
  • Fixed a bug that caused the optimizer to generate invalid query plans which could result in incorrect query results. The bug, which has been present since v21.1.0, can appear if all of the following conditions are true: 1) the query contains a semi-join, such as queries in the form: SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a);, 2) the inner table has an index containing the equality column, like t2.a in the example query, 3) the index contains one or more columns that prefix the equality column, and 4) the prefix columns are NOT NULL and are constrained to a set of constant values via a CHECK constraint or an IN condition in the filter. #78975
  • Fixed a bug where IMPORT INTO could create duplicate entries violating UNIQUE constraints in REGIONAL BY ROW tables and tables utilizing UNIQUE WITHOUT INDEX constraints. A new post-IMPORT validation step for those tables now fails and rolls back the IMPORT in such cases. #78975

Contributors

This release includes 54 merged PRs by 33 authors.

v21.2.7

Release Date: March 14, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.7

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.6...v21.2.7

Security updates

  • When the sql.telemetry.query_sampling.enabled cluster setting is enabled, SQL names and client IP addresses are no longer redacted in telemetry logs. #77072

Enterprise edition changes

  • Currently executing schedules are cancelled immediately when the jobs scheduler is disabled. #77313

SQL language changes

  • When dropping a user that has default privileges, the error message now includes which database and schema the default privileges are defined in. Additionally, a hint is now given to show exactly how to remove the default privileges. #77142
  • Fixed a bug where crdb_internal.default_privileges would incorrectly show default privileges for databases where the default privilege was not actually defined. #77304

Operational changes

  • Operators who wish to access HTTP endpoints of a cluster through a proxy can now request specific node IDs through a remote_node_id query parameter or cookie with the value set to the node IDs they would like to proxy the connection to. #76694
  • Added the cluster setting bulkio.backup.resolve_destination_in_job.enabled, which can be used to delay resolution of a backup's destination until the job starts running. #76816

DB Console changes

  • Open SQL Transactions and Active SQL Transactions are now downsampled using MAX instead of AVG and will more accurately reflect narrow spikes in transaction counts when looking at downsampled data. #76688
  • DB Console requests can be routed to arbitrary nodes in the cluster. Users can select a node from a dropdown in the Advanced Debug page of the DB Console UI to route their UI to that node. Manually initiated requests can either add a remote_node_id query param to their request or set a remote_node_id HTTP cookie in order to manage the routing of their request. #76694
  • Add long loading messages to SQL Activity pages. #77008
  • Removed stray parenthesis at the end of the duration time for a succeeded job. It had been accidentally introduced to unreleased master and a 21.2 backport. Release justification: Category 2, UI bug fix #77444

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a bug which caused the optimizer to omit join filters in rare cases when reordering joins, which could result in incorrect query results. This bug was present since v20.2. #76619
  • Fixed a bug where certain crdb_internal tables could return incorrect information due to cached table descriptor information. #76520
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could incorrectly not return a row from a table with multiple column families when that row contains a NULL value when a composite type (FLOAT, DECIMAL, COLLATED STRING, or an array of these types) is included in the PRIMARY KEY. #76636
  • Fixed a bug where a RESTORE job could hang if it encountered an error when ingesting restored data. #76509
  • Fixed a race condition that in rare circumstances could cause a node to panic with unexpected Stopped processor during shutdown. #76827
  • There is now a 1 hour timeout when sending Raft snapshots, to avoid stalled snapshot transfers preventing Raft log truncation and growing the Raft log very large. This is configurable via the COCKROACH_RAFT_SEND_SNAPSHOT_TIMEOUT environment variable. #76829
  • Fixed an error that could sometimes occur when sorting the output of the SHOW CREATE ALL TABLES statement. #76698
  • Fixed a bug where CASE expressions with branches that result in types that cannot be cast to a common type caused internal errors. They now result in a user-facing error. #76616
  • Error messages produced during import are now truncated. Previously, IMPORT could potentially generate large error messages that could not be persisted to the jobs table, resulting in a failed import never entering the failed state and instead retrying repeatedly. #76980
  • Fixed a bug that could corrupt indexes containing virtual columns or expressions. The bug only occurred when the index's table had a foreign key reference to another table with an ON DELETE CASCADE action, and a row was deleted in the referenced table. This bug was present since virtual columns were added in version v21.1.0. #77053
  • Changefeeds retry instead of fail on RPC send failure. #77069
  • Fixed a bug that caused the Open Transactions chart on the Metrics page to constantly increase for empty transactions. #77236
  • Fixed a bug that could interfere with a system table migration. #77309
  • The content type header for the HTTP log sink is now set to application/json if the format of the log output is JSON. #77341
  • Fixed a bug where draining nodes in a cluster without shutting them down could stall foreground traffic in the cluster. #77490

Performance improvements

  • Fixed a bug in the histogram estimation code that could cause the optimizer to think a scan of a multi-column index would produce 0 rows, when in fact it would produce many rows. This could cause the optimizer to choose a suboptimal plan. It is now less likely for the optimizer to choose a suboptimal plan when multiple multi-column indexes are available. #76555
  • The accuracy of histogram calculations for BYTES types has been improved. As a result, the optimizer should generate more efficient query plans in some cases. #76796

Contributors

This release includes 34 merged PRs by 24 authors.

v21.2.6

Release date: February 22, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.6

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.5...v21.2.6

Enterprise edition changes

SQL language changes

  • Added new built-in functions called crdb_internal.revalidate_unique_constraint, crdb_internal.revalidate_unique_constraints_in_table, and crdb_internal.revalidate_unique_constraints_in_all_tables, which can be used to revalidate existing unique constraints. The different variations support validation of a single constraint, validation of all unique constraints in a table, and validation of all unique constraints in all tables in the current database, respectively. If any constraint fails validation, the functions will return an error with a hint about which data caused the constraint violation. These violations can then be resolved manually by updating or deleting the rows in violation. This will be useful to users who think they may have been affected by #73024. #75858
  • S3 URIs used in BACKUP, EXPORT, or CREATE CHANGEFEED statements can now include the query parameter S3_STORAGE_CLASS to configure the storage class used when that job creates objects in the designated S3 bucket. #75608
  • Non-admin users can now use the SHOW RANGES statement if the ZONECONFIG privilege is granted. #76071
  • ST_MakePolygon is now disallowed from making empty polygons from empty linestrings. This is not allowed in PostGIS. #76255

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a bug where ownership information for sequence descriptors and column descriptors was incorrect. To elaborate, a sequence is created when a column is defined as the SERIAL type and the serial_normalization session variable is set to sql_sequence. In this case, the sequence is owned by the column and the table where the column exists. The sequence should be dropped when the owner table/column is dropped, which is the PostgreSQL behavior. The bug caused CockroachDB never to set ownership information correctly, only the dependency relationship, which caused the sequence to stay even though the owner table/column did not exist anymore. This is now fixed. #75704
  • Fixed a bug that could cause nodes to crash when truncating abnormally large Raft logs. #75979
  • The DB Console Databases page now shows stable, consistent values for database sizes. #76324

Performance improvements

Contributors

This release includes 25 merged PRs by 21 authors.

v21.2.5

Release date: February 7, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.5

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.4...v21.2.5

Enterprise edition changes

  • Redacted more potentially-sensitive URI elements from changefeed job descriptions. This is a breaking change for workflows involving copying URIs. As an alternative, the unredacted URI may be accessed from the jobs table directly. #75187

SQL language changes

  • New role VIEWACTIVITYREDACTED that works similar as VIEWACTIVITY but restricts the usage of the statements diagnostics bundle. It is possible for a user to have both roles (VIEWACTIVITY and VIEWACTIVITYREDACTED), but the role VIEWACTIVITYREDACTED takes precedent on restrictions. #74862
  • New role NOSQLLOGIN (and its inverse SQLLOGIN), which restricts SQL CLI login ability for a user while retaining their ability to log in to the DB Console (as opposed to NOLOGIN which restricts both SQL and DB Console). Without any role options all login behavior remains permitted as it does today. OIDC logins to the DB Console continue to be permitted with NOSQLLOGIN set. #75185
  • The default SQL stats flush interval is now 10 minutes. #75524

Operational changes

  • The meaning of sql.distsql.max_running_flows cluster setting has been extended so that when the value is negative, it would be multiplied by the number of CPUs on the node to get the maximum number of concurrent remote flows on the node. The default value is -128, meaning that on a 4 CPU machine we will have up to 512 concurrent remote DistSQL flows, but on a 8 CPU machine up to 1024. The previous default was 500. #75509

Command-line changes

  • Not finding the right certs in the certs dir or not specifying a certs dir or certificate path now falls back on checking server CA using Go's TLS code to find the certificates in the OS trust store. If no matching certificate is found, an x509 error will occur announcing that the certificate is signed by an unknown authority. #74544
  • Fixed the CLI help text for ALTER DATABASE to show correct options for ADD REGION and DROP REGION, and include some missing options such as CONFIGURE ZONE. #75067
  • The debug zip now scrapes the cluster-wide KV replication reports in the output. #75794
  • The debug zip now includes the raw system.settings table. This table makes it possible to determine whether a cluster setting has been explicitly set. #75794

DB Console changes

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a panic when attempting to access the hottest ranges (e.g., via the /_status/hotranges endpoint) before initial statistics had been gathered. #74515
  • A doubly nested enum in a DistSQL query no longer causes node crashing panic. #74490
  • Servers no longer crash due to panics in HTTP handlers. #74539
  • When foreign keys are included inside an ADD COLUMN statement and multiple columns were added in a single statement, the first added column no longer has the foreign key applied or an error is no longer generated based on the wrong column. #74528
  • When sslmode=require is set in a connection string certificate path checking is now bypassed. #74544
  • Uninitialized replicas that are abandoned after an unsuccessful snapshot no longer perform periodic background work, so they no longer have a non-negligible cost. #74185
  • Fixed a bug where a backed up defaultdb that is configured to be MR, is not restored as a multi-region database on cluster restore. #74607
  • Fixed a bug where deleting data via schema changes (e.g., when dropping an index or table) could fail with a "command too large" error. #74798
  • CockroachDB no longer returns incorrect results or internal errors on queries with window functions returning INT, FLOAT, BYTES, STRING, UUID, or JSON type when the disk spilling occurred. #74589
  • CockroachDB no longer incorrectly calculates MIN/MAX when used as window functions in some cases after spilling to disk. #74589
  • Fixed panics possible in some distributed queries using enums in join predicates. #74733
  • CockroachDB no longer encounters an internal error when performing UPSERT or INSERT ... ON CONFLICT queries in some cases when the new rows contained NULL values (either NULLs explicitly specified or NULLs used since some columns were omitted). #74872
  • Internal errors when altering the primary key of a table no longer occur. The bug was only present if the table had a partial index with a predicate that referenced a virtual computed column. #75183
  • Fixed a bug that caused errors in rare cases when trying to divide INTERVAL values by INT4 or INT2 values. #75079
  • Fixed a bug that could occur when a TIMETZ column was indexed, and a query predicate constrained that column using a < or > operator with a TIMETZ constant. If the column contained values with time zones that did not match the time zone of the TIMETZ constant, it was possible that not all matching values could be returned by the query. Specifically, the results may not have included values within one microsecond of the predicate's absolute time. This bug exists on all versions of 20.1, 20.2, 21.1, and 21.2 prior to this release. #75172
  • Fixed an internal error, "estimated row count must be non-zero", that could occur during planning for queries over a table with a TIMETZ column. This error was due to a faulty assumption in the statistics estimation code about ordering of TIMETZ values, which has now been fixed. The error could occur when TIMETZ values used in the query had a different time zone offset than the TIMETZ values stored in the table. #75172
  • RESTORE now inserts a system.namespace entry for synthetic public schemas. #74759
  • A bug has been fixed that caused internal errors in queries with set operations, like UNION, when corresponding columns on either side of the set operation were not the same. This error only occurred with a limited set of types. This bug is present in versions 20.2.6+, 21.1.0+, and 21.2.0+. #75276
  • Fixed SQL Activity pages crashing when a column was sorted by the 3rd time. #75486
  • Updated the String() function of roleOption to add a space on the role VALID UNTIL. #75494
  • In particular cases, some queries that involve a scan that returns many results and which includes lookups for individual keys were not returning all results from the table. #75512
  • When adding a hash-sharded index to an existing table, traffic could overwhelm a single range of the index before it is split into more ranges for shards as range size grows. The schema changer now pre-splits ranges on shard boundaries before the index becomes writable. The sql.hash_sharded_range_pre_split.max cluster setting is the upper bound on the number of ranges to have. If the bucket count of the defined index is less than the cluster setting, the bucket count will be the number of pre-split ranges. #75474
  • If multiple columns are added to a table inside a transaction, then none of the columns are backfilled if the last column did not require a backfill. #75507
  • crdb_internal.deserialize_session now checks that the session_user has the privilege to SET ROLE to the current_user before changing the session settings. #75600
  • CockroachDB no longer incorrectly reports the KV bytes read statistic in EXPLAIN ANALYZE output. The bug is present only in 21.2.x versions. #75260
  • The options query parameter is no longer removed when using the \c command in the SQL shell to reconnect to the cluster. #75765
  • The CancelSession endpoint now correctly propagates gateway metadata when forwarding requests. #75832
  • Fixed a bug when granting incompatible database privilege to default privilege with non-lowercase database names. #75580

Performance improvements

  • Rangefeed streams now use separate HTTP connections when kv.rangefeed.use_dedicated_connection_class.enabled cluster setting is turned on. Using a separate connection class reduces the possibility of out of memory errors when running rangefeeds against very large tables. The connection window size for rangefeed can be adjusted via COCKROACH_RANGEFEED_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE environment variable, whose default is 128KB. #74456
  • Incremental BACKUPs now use less memory to verify coverage of prior backups. #74588
  • The merging of incremental backup layers during RESTORE now uses a simpler and less memory intensive algorithm. #74593

Contributors

This release includes 75 merged PRs by 35 authors.

v21.2.4

Release Date: January 10, 2022

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.4

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.3...v21.2.4

Security updates

  • It is now possible to pre-compute the hash of the password credentials of a SQL user client-side, and set the SQL user's password using the hash, so that CockroachDB never sees the password string in the clear in the SQL session. This auto-detection is subject to the new cluster setting server.user_login.store_client_pre_hashed_passwords.enabled. This setting defaults to true (i.e., feature enabled). This feature is meant for use in automation/orchestration, when the control plane constructs passwords for users outside of CockroachDB, and there is an architectural desire to ensure that cleartext passwords are not transmitted/stored in-clear. Note: when the client provides the password hash, CockroachDB cannot carry any checks on the internal structure of the password, such as minimum length, special characters, etc. Should a deployment require such checks to be performed database-side, the operator would need to disable the mechanism via the cluster setting named above. When upgrading a cluster from a previous version, to ensure that the feature remains disabled throughout the upgrade, use the following statement prior to the upgrade: INSERT INTO system.settings(name, value, "valueType") VALUES('server.user_login.store_client_pre_hashed_passwords.enabled', 'false', 'b');. (We do not recommend relying on the database to perform password checks. Our recommended deployment best practice is to implement credential definitions in a control plane / identity provider that is separate from the database.) #73855
  • The server.identity_map.configuration cluster setting allows a pg_ident.conf file to be uploaded to support dynamically remapping system identities (e.g., Kerberos or X.509 principals) to database usernames. This supports use cases where X.509 certificates must conform to organizational standards that mandate the use of Common Names that are not valid SQL usernames (e.g., CN=carl@example.com => carl). Mapping rules that result in the root, node, or other reserved usernames will result in an error when the client attempts to connect. #74459
  • The client_authentication_info structured log message provides a new "SystemIdentity" field with the client-provided system identity. The existing "User" field will be populated after any Host-Based Authentication (HBA) rules have been selected and applied, which may include a system-identity to database-username mapping. #74459
  • GSSAPI-based authentication can now use either the HBA "map" option or "include_realm=0" to map the incoming principal to a database username. Existing configurations will operate unchanged, however operators are encouraged to migrate from "include_realm=0" to "map" to avoid ambiguity in deployments where multiple realms are present. #74459
  • Incoming system identities are normalized to lower-case before they are evaluated against any active identity-mapping HBA configuration. For example, an incoming GSSAPI principal "carl@EXAMPLE.COM" would only be matched by rules such as "example carl@example.com carl" or "example /^(.*)@example.com$ \1". #74459

Enterprise edition changes

  • Changefeeds can be created with a new option called metrics_label which lets operators configure changefeeds to use a dedicated set of metrics for those changefeed(s) so that they can be monitored independently of other changefeed(s) in the system. #73014

SQL language changes

  • The create_type_statements table now has an index on descriptor_id. #73669
  • Added the new column stmt to the crdb_internal.(cluster|node)_distsql_flows virtual table. It is populated on a best effort basis. #73581
  • Table backups of REGIONAL BY ROW, REGIONAL BY TABLE, and GLOBAL tables are now supported. #73087
  • The cluster setting called sql.defaults.reorder_joins_limit that controls the default for the session setting reorder_joins_limit is now public and included in the cluster setting docs. #73889
  • The RULE privilege was added for compatibility with PostgreSQL. It is impossible to grant it, but it is supported as a parameter of the has_table_privilege function. #74065
  • The CREATE ROLE and ALTER ROLE statements now accept password hashes computed by the client app. For example: CREATE USER foo WITH PASSWORD 'CRDB-BCRYPT$2a$10$.....'. This feature is not meant for use by human users / in interactive sessions; it is meant for use in programs, using the computation algorithm described below. This auto-detection can be disabled by changing the cluster setting server.user_login.store_client_pre_hashed_passwords.enabled to false. This design mimics the behavior of PostgreSQL, which recognizes pre-computed password hashes when presented to the regular PASSWORD option. The password hashes are auto-detected based on their lexical structure. For example, any password that starts with the prefix CRDB-BCRYPT$, followed by a valid encoding of a bcrypt hash (as detailed below), is considered a candidate password hash. To ascertain whether a password hash will be recognized as such, orchestration code can use the new built-in function crdb_internal.check_password_hash_format(). #73855

    • CockroachDB only recognizes password hashes computed using bcrypt, as follows (we detail this algorithm so that orchestration software can implement their own password hash computation, separate from the database):

      1. Take the cleartext password string.
      2. Append the following byte array to the password: e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855 (These are 32 hex-encoded bytes.)
      3. Choose a bcrypt cost. (CockroachDB servers use cost 10 by default.)
      4. Generate a bcrypt hash of the string generated at step 2 with the cost chosen at step 3, as per https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt or https://bcrypt.online/ Note that CockroachDB only supports hashes computed using bcrypt version 2a.
      5. Encode the hash into the format recognized by CockroachDB: the string CRDB-BCRYPT, followed by the standard bcrypt hash encoding ($2a$...).

        Summary:

        Hash method Recognized by check_password_hash_format() ALTER/CREATE USER WITH PASSWORD
        crdb-bcrypt yes (CRDB-BCRYPT$2a$...) recognized if enabled via cluster setting
        scram-sha-256 yes (SCRAM-SHA-256$4096:...) not implemented yet (issue #42519)
        md5 yes (md5...) obsolete, will likely not be implemented
  • Backported the server.user_login.store_client_pre_hashed_passwords.enabled cluster setting to v21.2. The backported default value in v21.2 is false. In v22.1 the default will be true. #73855

Operational changes

DB Console changes

  • Added new formatting functions to create summarized queries for SELECT, INSERT, and UPDATE statements. Also added new metadata fields, which will later be used to pass this information to the front-end Statements page. #73661
  • The jobs overview table in DB Console now shows when jobs have the status "reverting", and shows the badge "retrying" when running or reverting jobs are also retrying. Hovering over the status for a "retrying" job will show the "Next execution time" in UTC. Two new columns, "Last Execution Time (UTC)" and "Execution Count", were also added to the jobs overview table in DB Console, and the "Status" column was moved left to the second column in the table. The status query parameter in the /jobs endpoint now supports the values reverting and retrying. #73624
  • Added new statement summaries to the Statements page. This applies for SELECT, INSERT/UPSERT, and UPDATE statements, and will enable them to be more detailed and less ambiguous than our previous formats. #73661
  • Added new summarized formats for SELECT, INSERT/UPSERT, and UPDATE statements on the Sessions page and the Transactions page, to be consistent with the Statements page. Show "Mean rows written" as a metric for all statement types on the Statements page, instead of hiding this metric for SELECT statements. #73661
  • Made visual improvements to the DB Console. #73386
  • Updated text of filter drop-downs in the DB Console, replacing "usage" with "statement" for consistency. #74421

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a bug which caused corruption of partial indexes, which could cause incorrect query results. The bug was only present when two or more partial indexes in the same table had identical WHERE clauses. This bug has been present since v21.1.0. For more information, see Technical Advisory 74385. #74471
  • Fixed an internal error "empty Datums being compared to other" that could occur during planning for some SELECT queries over tables that included a DEFAULT partition value in a PARTITION BY LIST clause. This bug was present since v21.1.0. This bug does not exist in CockroachDB v20.2.x and earlier. #73664
  • Fixed a bug that could cause a CockroachDB node to deadlock upon startup in extremely rare cases. If encountered, a stack trace generated by SIGQUIT would show the function makeStartLine() near the top. This bug had existed since v21.1.0. #71407
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could crash when reading a secondary index with a STORING clause in reverse direction (i.e., with ORDER BY col DESC). This bug was introduced in v21.2.0. #73699
  • Fixed a bug where the correct index count was not displayed in the Indexes column on the Databases page of the DB Console. #73747
  • Fixed a bug where a failed IMPORT INTO to a non-empty table would be unable to clean up the partially imported data when run in a serverless cluster because the operation to do so was incorrectly denied for tenants. #73541
  • Fixed a bug in database and schema restore cleanup that results in a dangling descriptor entry on job failure. #73411
  • Fixed a bug which allowed queries to reference internal columns created by the system for expression indexes. These columns, which had names prefixed with crdb_internal_idx_expr, can no longer be referenced in queries. This bug was present since version v21.2.0 when expression indexes were released. #74285
  • Fixed a bug with ungraceful shutdown of distributed queries in some rare cases. "Ungraceful" here means due to a statement_timeout (most likely) or because a node crashed. #73958
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could return a spurious "context canceled" error for a query that actually succeeded in extremely rare cases. #73958
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could encounter an internal error when executing queries with multiple window functions and one of those functions returned an INT2 or INT4 type. #74311
  • Fixed a bug where it was possible for cockroach debug zip and the log file viewer in the DB Console to observe incomplete log entries at the end of log files—especially the log file currently being written to by the CockroachDB process. This bug was introduced in a very early version of CockroachDB. #74153
  • Fixed a bug where Changefeeds would emit NULL values for virtual computed columns. Previously, the changefeeds would crash if these were set to NOT NULL. #74095
  • Internal columns created by the system to support expression indexes are now omitted from the output of SHOW COLUMNS statements and the information_schema.columns table. #73540
  • Fixed a bug where IMPORT TABLE ... PGDUMP DATA with a COPY FROM statement in the dump file that had fewer target columns than the inline table definition would result in a nil pointer exception. #74435
  • Fixed a bug where escape character processing was missing from constraint span generation, which resulted in incorrect results when doing escaped LIKE lookups. #74259
  • Fixed a bug affecting the redactability of logging tags in output log entries. This bug was introduced in the v21.2.0 release. #74155

Performance improvements

  • Bulk ingestion of small write batches (e.g., index backfill into a large number of ranges) is now throttled, to avoid buildup of read amplification and associated performance degradation. Concurrency is controlled by the new cluster setting kv.bulk_io_write.concurrent_addsstable_as_writes_requests. #74071

Miscellaneous

Contributors

This release includes 57 merged PRs by 31 authors.

v21.2.3

Release Date: December 14, 2021

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.3

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.2...v21.2.3

Enterprise edition changes

  • Fixed a limitation of IMPORT for tables using user-defined types whereby any change to the set of tables or views which reference the type or any changes to privileges on the type during the IMPORT would lead to failure. Now, new references to the type or GRANT or REVOKE operations performed while the IMPORT is ongoing will not cause failure. #71500
  • Fixed a bug where RESTORE could sometimes map OIDs to invalid types in certain circumstances containing user-defined types. #73119

SQL language changes

  • The experimental ALTER COLUMN TYPE statement is no longer permitted when the column is stored in a secondary index. Prior to this change, that was the only sort of secondary index membership which was allowed, but the result of the operation was a subtly corrupted table. #72797
  • Statements containing multiple INSERT ON CONFLICT, UPSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE subqueries can cause data corruption if they modify the same row multiple times. For example, the following SELECT 1statement will cause corruption of table t:

    CREATE TABLE t (i INT, j INT, PRIMARY KEY (i), INDEX (j)); INSERT INTO t VALUES (0, 0); WITH   cte1 AS (UPDATE t SET j = 1 WHERE i = 0 RETURNING *),   cte2 AS (UPDATE t SET j = 2 WHERE i = 0 RETURNING *) SELECT 1;
    

    Until this is fixed, this change disallows statements with multiple subqueries that modify the same table. Applications can work around this by rewriting problematic statements. For example, the query above can be rewritten as an explicit multi-statement transaction:

    BEGIN; UPDATE t SET j = 1 WHERE i = 0; UPDATE t SET j = 2 WHERE i = 0; SELECT 1; COMMIT;
    

    Or, if it doesn't matter which update "wins", it can be written as multiple non-mutating CTEs on an UPDATE statement:

    WITH   cte1 AS (SELECT 1),   cte2 AS (SELECT 2) UPDATE t SET j = x.j FROM (SELECT * FROM cte1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM cte2) AS x (j) WHERE i = 0 RETURNING 1;
    

    Which in this case could be written more simply as:

    UPDATE t SET j = x.j FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) AS x (j) WHERE i = 0 RETURNING 1;
    

    Note that in these last two rewrites the first update will win, rather than the last. None of these rewrites suffer from the corruption problem. To override this change and allow these statements in spite of the risk of corruption, applications can:

    SET CLUSTER SETTING sql.multiple_modifications_of_table.enabled = true
    

    However, with the sql.multiple_modifications_of_table.enabled cluster setting enabled, there is nothing to prevent this type of corruption from occurring if the same row is modified multiple times by a single statement. To check for corruption, use the EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB command:

    EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE t WITH OPTIONS INDEX ALL;
    

    #71595

  • RESTORE TABLE for a regional by row table into a multiregion database with the same regions as the backed up database is now allowed. The user must ensure that the regions in the backed up database and the database being restored into match, and are added in the same order, for the RESTORE to work. #72088

  • The structured payloads used for telemetry logs now include two new fields: CostEstimate and Distribution. CostEstimate is the cost of the query as estimated by the optimizer, and Distribution is the distribution of the DistSQL query plan (local, full, or partial). #73410

  • Fixed a bug which allowed computed columns to also have DEFAULT expressions. #73190

DB Console changes

  • When requesting the pprofui endpoints from the Advanced Debug page in DB Console, operators can now query by node ID in order to request pprofui data from any node in the cluster without having to connect to its DB Console directly. Profiling UI links are in a separate section along with a nodeID selector to allow for easy targeting. #71103
  • The absolute links on the Advanced Debug page in DB Console have been updated to relative links. This will enable these links to work with the superuser dashboard in Cloud Console. #73067
  • When an error is encountered in the Statements, Transactions, or Sessions page, the user can now click on a reload button to reload the page. #73115

Bug fixes

  • Fixed a bug where GENERATED ... IDENTITY would panic when using a non-INT value during table creation. #73029
  • Fixed a bug whereby setting the CACHE for a sequence to 1 was ignored. Before this change ALTER SEQUENCE ... CACHE 1 would succeed but would not modify the cache value. #71449
  • Fixed a bug where a crash during startup may cause all subsequent starts to fail. #73124
  • Fixed an internal error that could occur during planning for some set operations (i.e., UNION, INTERSECT, or EXCEPT) when at least one side of the set operation was ordered on a column that was not output by the set operation. This bug was first introduced in v21.2.0 and does not exist in prior versions. #73147
  • Manually enqueueing ranges via the DB Console will no longer crash nodes that contain an uninitialized replica for the enqueued range. #73039
  • Fixed a crash with message "attempting to propose command writing below closed timestamp" that could occur, typically on overloaded systems experiencing non-cooperative lease transfers. #73165
  • Fixed two bugs in the logic that optimized the number of spans to backup. #73176
  • Transactions now using the correct selector for sort setting and filters. #73291
  • The GC queue now respects the kv.queue.process.guaranteed_time_budget cluster setting. #70126
  • The cockroach debug unsafe-remove-dead-replicas tool was improved to handle the existence of learners. It will now produce the desired results in more circumstances. The tool remains dangerous and can irrevocably corrupt a cluster. #70756
  • Fixed a rare internal error ("estimated row count must be non-zero"), which could occur when planning queries using a GIN index. This error could occur if the histogram on the GIN index showed that there were no rows. #73354
  • Fixed a bug where SHOW CREATE SCHEDULES was not redacting sensitive fields before displaying the CREATE SCHEDULE query. #71362
  • The txnwaitqueue.pusher.waiting metric no longer over-reports the number of pushing transactions in some cases. #71744
  • Fixed a rare condition that could cause a range merge to get stuck waiting on itself. The symptom of this deadlock was a goroutine stuck in handleMergeInProgressError for tens of minutes. #72050
  • RESTORE ... FROM LATEST IN now works to restore the latest backup from a collection without needing to first inspect the collection to supply its actual path. #73454
  • Prevent a panic in the parser when trying to parse the .@n tuple field deference syntax in the (invalid) n=0 case. #73545
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB did not exit with the correct exit code when it ran out of disk space while the node was running. This behavior was new in v21.2 and was not behaving as intended. #70853
  • Fixed certain bugs where CREATE TABLE AS or CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW may panic if the SELECT query is an internal table requiring internal database state. #73593

Performance improvements

  • The performance of transaction deadlock detection is now more stable even with significant transaction contention. #71744
  • Follower reads that encounter many abandoned intents are now able to efficiently resolve those intents. This resolves an asymmetry where follower reads were previously less efficient at resolving abandoned intents than regular reads evaluated on a leaseholder. #71884

Contributors

This release includes 61 merged PRs by 30 authors.

v21.2.2

Release Date: December 1, 2021

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.2

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.1...v21.2.2

SQL language changes

  • Fixed an oversight in which a full scan of a partial index could be rejected due to the disallow_full_table_scans setting. Full scans of partial indexes will no longer be rejected if disallow_full_table_scans is true, since a full scan of a partial index must be a constrained scan of the table. #71437
  • The optimizer has been updated so that if disallow_full_table_scans is true, it will never plan a full table scan with an estimated row count greater than large_full_scan_rows. If no alternative plan is possible, an error will be returned, just as it was before. However, cases where an alternative plan is possible will no longer produce an error, since the alternative plan will be chosen. As a result, users should see fewer errors due to disallow_full_table_scans. A side effect of this change is that if disallow_full_table_scans is set along with statement-level hints such as an index hint, the optimizer will try to avoid a full table scan while also respecting the index hint. If this is not possible, the optimizer will return an error and might not log the attempted full table scan or update the sql.guardrails.full_scan_rejected.count metric. If no index hint is used, the full scan will be logged and the metric updated. #71437
  • Added support for a new index hint, NO_FULL_SCAN, which will prevent the optimizer from planning a full scan for the specified table. The hint can be used in the same way as other existing index hints. For example, SELECT * FROM table_name@{NO_FULL_SCAN};. Note that a full scan of a partial index may still be planned, unless NO_FULL_SCAN is forced in combination with a specific partial index via FORCE_INDEX=index_name. #71437
  • EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) can now be used by Serverless clusters. #71969
  • The session variables LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, and LC_TIME were added for compatibility with PostgreSQL. They only support the C.UTF-8 locale. #72260
  • Fixed an issue where the error message when creating the wrong type of forward index on a JSONB column was not clear. It now suggests creating a GIN index. #72361
  • Changed the pgerror code from CD to XC for CockroachDB-specific errors. This is because the "C" class is reserved for the SQL standard. The pgcode CDB00 used for unsatisfiable bounded staleness is now XCUBS. #70448
  • The CREATE TABLE ... LIKE ... statement now copies ON UPDATE definitions for INCLUDING DEFAULTS. #70537
  • CockroachDB now shows indpred on the pg_index table for partial indexes. This was previously NULL for partial indexes. #70884
  • Fixed a bug where LINESTRINGZ, LINESTRINGZM, and LINESTRINGM could not be used as a column type. #70747
  • Added the crdb_internal.reset_index_usage_stats() function to clear index usage stats. This can be invoked from the SQL shell. #72843
  • The string "visible" is now usable as a table or column name without extra quoting. #70563
  • The aggregation_interval column has been added to the crdb_internal.statement_statistics and crdb_internal.transaction_statistics tables, representing the aggregation duration of the respective statistics. #72941
  • The diagnostics.sql_stats_reset.interval cluster setting was removed. In previous version of CockroachDB, in-memory SQL statistics were reset periodically. This behavior is now removed since persisted SQL Statistics were introduced in v21.2. The diagnostics.forced_sql_stats_reset.interval cluster setting now only controls the reset of the reported SQL statistics if it is not collected by the telemetry reporter. #72941

Operational changes

  • Job IDs and Session IDs are no longer redacted. These values do not represent sensitive or identifiable data, but do aid in debugging problems with the jobs system. #72975

Command-line changes

API endpoint changes

  • The aggregationInterval field has been added to combined statements response. #72941

DB Console changes

Bug fixes

  • When using the json-fluent and json-fluent-compact logging formats, the tag field now uses the same normalization algorithm as used for output to files. That is, if the CockroachDB executable is renamed to contain periods (e.g., cockroach.testbinary), the periods are now eliminated instead of replaced by _. This is the behavior that was originally intended. This change does not affect deployments that use the standard executable name cockroach. #71075
  • The cockroach debug zip command, the cockroach debug list-files command, and the Advanced Debug page that enables log file access, are now able to gather log files stored across all configured logging directories. Prior to this patch, only log files from the directory associated with the DEV file sink were visible. This bug had existed since CockroachDB v19.x. Note that the behavior remains incomplete if two or more file groups in the logging configuration use similar names that only differ in their use of periods (e.g., a file group named one.two and another one named onetwo). To avoid any issue related to this situation, use more distinct file group names. #71075
  • Fixed a bug where usernames in ALTER TABLE ... OWNER TO would not be normalized to lower case. #72470
  • Fixed a bug where the Show All filter on the Statements page didn't display all the statements when with an empty string in the search box. #72052
  • Fixed a bug in prior betas of v21.2 where some error codes returned when looking for a descriptor in a non-existent database were changed from UndefinedDatabase (3D000) to UndefinedObject (42704). Name resolution when the current database is undefined will now return UndefinedDatabase. #71566
  • Fixed an incorrect no data source matches prefix error for queries that use a set-returning function on the right-hand side of a JOIN unless LATERAL is explicitly specified. #71445
  • Fixed a bug where using CREATE TABLE AS .... with a source query that referred to a sequence would not work. #71541
  • Support was added for the "{}" format for array columns in COPY FROM STDIN WITH CSV. #72693
  • Fixed a bug which caused ALTER COLUMN TYPE statements to incorrectly fail. #71165
  • Fixed potential descriptor corruption bug for tables with a column with a DEFAULT expression referencing a SEQUENCE and with an ON UPDATE expression. #72362
  • Fixed a bug where schema changes running during node shutdown could sometimes fail permanently when they should not. #72333
  • Fixed a panic that could occur with invalid GeoJSON input using ST_GeomFromGeoJSON/ST_GeogFromGeoJSON. #71309
  • Fixed a bug where specifying IntervalStyle or DateStyle on options=-c... in a connection string would fail, even if the sql.defaults.datestyle.enabled and sql.defaults.intervalstyle.enabled cluster settings were set. #72067
  • Fixed a bug where session variables passed in the connection string were case-sensitive. Now they are all correctly normalized to lower case. #72067
  • Fixed a bug where atttypmod in pg_catalog.pg_attributes for DECIMAL types with precision but no width was incorrectly -1. #72074
  • Fixed a bug where the setval function did not invalidate cached sequence values. #71821
  • Fixed a bug where when creating an object default privileges from users that were not the user creating the object would be added to the privileges of the object. This fix ensures only the relevant default privileges are applied. #72410
  • Fixed a bug where Z and M coordinate columns caused a panic for geometry_columns and geography_columns. #70814
  • Fixed a bug where certain schema changes (e.g., SET NULL) did not work if there was an expression index on the table. #72024
  • The connect timeout for grpc connections is set to 20s to match the pre-v20.2 default value. #71517
  • IMPORT INTO no longer crashes when encountering unresolved write intents. #71983
  • Fixed an incorrect bug hint for the sql.defaults.datestyle.enabled cluster setting. #70900
  • Fixed a bug which caused internal errors when collecting statistics on tables with virtual computed columns. #71234
  • Fixed a bug that incorrectly populated the indkey column of pg_catalog.pg_index for expression indexes. This bug was present since the introduction of expression indexes in version 21.2.0. #72064
  • Fixed a bug where some queries against the pg_catalog.pg_type could throw an error if they looked up a non-existent ID. #72885
  • Corrected how the type displays for ZM shapes geometry_columns to match PostGIS output. This previously incorrectly included the Z/M lettering. #72809
  • Corrected how type displays in geometry_columns to better match PostGIS. This previously used the wrong case. #72809
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could encounter an internal error when executing a zigzag join in some cases (when there are multiple filters present and at least one filter refers to the column that is part of STORING clause of the secondary index that is used by the zigzag join). #71253
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could not set the TableOID and TableAttributeNumber attributes of the RowDescription message of the pgwire protocol in some cases (these values would be left as 0). #72450
  • Fixed a bug where CockroachDB could encounter an internal error or crash when some queries involving tuples with ENUMs were executed in a distributed manner. #72482
  • Fixed a bug where if tracing (the sql.trace.txn.enable_threshold cluster setting) was enabled on the cluster, the statement diagnostics collection (EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG)) wouldn't work. #70023
  • Fixed a bug causing tracing to external tracers to inadvertently stop after the Enqueue Range or the Allocator debug pages was used. #72465
  • Fixed a bug preventing tuple type labels from being propagated across queries when run under DistSQL. #70392
  • CockroachDB is now less likely to OOM when queries reading a lot of data are issued with high concurrency (these queries are likely to hit the memory budget determined by --max-sql-memory startup parameter). #70809
  • The indexprs column of pg_catalog.pg_index is now populated with string representations of every expression element in the index. If the index is not an expression index, indexprs is NULL. The indexdef column of pg_catalog.pg_indexes and the indpred column of pg_catalog.pg_index now correctly display user-defined types. #72870
  • Fixed a bug where introspection tables and error messages would not correctly display intervals according to the intervalstyle session variable. #72690
  • Fixed a bug where index definitions in pg_catalog.pg_indexes would not format intervals according to the intervalstyle session variable. #72903
  • Statement statistics are now grouped by the statement's corresponding transaction fingerprints. #72941
  • The query backing crdb_internal.cluster_contended_indexes improperly assumed that index IDs were unique across the database. This change adds the proper scoping by table descriptor ID, truing up the contents of that view. #73025

Performance improvements

  • Fixed a performance regression in planning that could occur for simple queries on schemas with a large number of indexes. #72240
  • The conversion of Well Known Text to a spatial type is improved. #70182
  • Improved IMPORT INTO performance in cases where it encounters large numbers of unresolved write intents. #72271
  • Fixed a limitation that made creating partial indexes inefficient. #70205
  • Backfills initiated by schema changes now periodically checkpoint progress to avoid excessive re-emitting of already emitted spans. #72788

Contributors

This release includes 133 merged PRs by 45 authors. We would like to thank the following contributors from the CockroachDB community:

  • neeral

v21.2.1

Release Date: November 29, 2021

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.1

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0...v21.2.1

Bug fixes

  • The timeout check of Raft application during upgrade migrations has been increased from 5 seconds to 1 minute and is now controllable via the cluster setting kv.migration.migrate_application.timeout. This makes migrations less likely to fail in clusters with ongoing rebalancing activity during upgrade migrations. #73061
  • Fixed a bug where BACKUP ... with revision_history would fail on an upgraded, but un-finalized cluster. It will now succeed. #73050
  • Fixed a bug that could cause some semi lookup joins on REGIONAL BY ROW tables to return early before finding all data. This bug is currently only present in v21.2.0. This problem only manifested if there was an ON condition on top of the equality condition used for the lookup join, and the lookup columns did not form a key in the index being looked up. The primary impact of this issue for most users relates to uniqueness checks on mutations of REGIONAL BY ROW tables, since uniqueness checks are implemented with a semi lookup join with an ON condition. The result of this bug was that uniqueness checks were not comprehensive, and could miss an existing duplicate key on a remote node. This could cause data to be erroneously inserted with a duplicate key when it should have failed the uniqueness check. #73063
  • Backups taken while a cluster contains a mix of v21.2 and v21.1 nodes may fail. Upgrading the entire cluster to v21.2 should resolve the issues. The technical advisory 72839 provides more information about possible remediations. The error returned after a backup failure in this case now also directs the user to the technical advisory. #72880
  • Fixed a bug that caused a full-cluster backup to fail while upgrading from v21.1 to v21.2. This caused an error, because the system.tenant_usage table, which is present in v21.2, is not present in v21.1. #72840
  • Fixed a bug where cluster backups were backing up opt-out system tables unexpectedly. #71368

Contributors

This release includes 6 merged PRs by 6 authors.

v21.2.0

Release Date: November 16, 2021

With the release of CockroachDB v21.2, we've made a variety of management, performance, and compatibility improvements. Check out a summary of the most significant user-facing changes and then upgrade to CockroachDB v21.2.

To learn more:

Warning:

During an upgrade of a CockroachDB cluster from v21.1.x → v21.2.0, backups will fail until the upgrade is finalized. After the upgrade is complete and finalized, backups will continue as normal.

This issue will only occur if the upgrade coincides with a backup. For small clusters, where the upgrade is quick, there may be no overlap, and you will not experience this issue.

For more information, including mitigation, see Technical Advisory 72389.

Downloads

Note:

Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

Full CockroachDB executable

Warning:

The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

Docker image

To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

icon/buttons/copy
docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.2.0

Changelog

View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0-rc.3...v21.2.0

CockroachDB Cloud

Feature summary

This section summarizes the most significant user-facing changes in v21.2.0. For a complete list of features and changes, including bug fixes and performance improvements, see the release notes for previous testing releases. You can also search for what's new in v21.2 in our docs.

Note:

"Core" features are freely available in the core version of CockroachDB and do not require an enterprise license. "Enterprise" features require an enterprise license. CockroachDB Cloud clusters include all enterprise features. You can also use cockroach demo to test enterprise features in a local, temporary cluster.

SQL

Version Feature Description
Enterprise Multi-region observability You can now surface region information by using the EXPLAIN ANALYZE statements. This information is also now available in the DB Console.
Enterprise Restricted and default placement You can now use the ALTER DATABASE ... PLACEMENT RESTRICTED statement to constrain the replica placement for a multi-region database's regional tables to the home regions associated with those tables.
Enterprise Bounded staleness reads Bounded staleness reads are now available in CockroachDB. These use a dynamic, system-determined timestamp to minimize staleness while being more tolerant to replication lag than exact staleness reads. This dynamic timestamp is returned by the with_min_timestamp() or with_max_staleness() functions. In addition, bounded staleness reads provide the ability to serve reads from local replicas even in the presence of network partitions or other failures.
Core Privilege inheritance CockroachDB's model for inheritance of privileges that cascade from schema objects now matches PostgreSQL. Added support for ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES and SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES.
Core ON UPDATE expressions An ON UPDATE expression can now be added to a column to update column values when an UPDATE or UPSERT statement modifies a different column value in the same row, or when an ON UPDATE CASCADE expression on a different column modifies an existing value in the same row.
Core More granular controls for session variables There are now more ways to control CockroachDB's behavior through session variables. You can now set user or role-level defaults by using the ALTER ROLE statement. CockroachDB also now supports setting session variables for the duration of a single transaction, using the LOCAL keyword.
Core Transaction guardrails Transaction guardrails have been added to CockroachDB to improve production stability. These can help prevent cluster unavailability and protect the cluster against multiple developer workloads with problematic SQL statements.
Core Expression indexes Indexes on expressions can now be created. These indexes speed up queries that filter on the result of that expression, and are especially useful for indexing only a specific field of a JSON object.
Core Correlated CTEs Correlated common table expressions (CTEs) are now supported in CockroachDB. A correlated CTE is a common table expression that is contained in a subquery and references columns defined outside of the subquery.
Core Admission control A new admission control system has been added. CockroachDB implements this optional admission control system to maintain cluster performance and availability when some nodes experience high load. Admission control is disabled by default.

Additionally, an Overload dashboard has been added to the DB Console. Use this dashboard to monitor the performance of the parts of your cluster relevant to the cluster's admission control system. This includes CPU usage, the runnable goroutines waiting per CPU, the health of the persistent stores, and the performance of admission control system when it is enabled.
Core Persistent statement and transaction statistics Statistics information on the Statements and Transactions pages within the DB Console can now be persisted for longer than one hour.
Core Index usage statistics Index usage statistics are now supported for CockroachDB to help identify unused indexes causing unnecessary performance overhead for your workload. Index read statistics are available in the crdb_internal schema for programmatic access using SQL.
Core Third-party tool support Sequelize, a Javascript object-relational mapper (ORM), and Alembic, a schema migration tool for SQLAlchemy users, are now fully supported. We have also improved testing for PgBouncer, an external connection pooler for PostgreSQL.
Core Contention views You can now use pre-built contention views in crdb_internal to quickly identify the top contending indexes. These views can be used to understand where and avoid contention happening in your workload.

Recovery and I/O

Version Feature Description
Enterprise BACKUP / RESTORE scalability BACKUP and RESTORE performance has been improved for larger data volumes, more frequent backups, and clusters with more or larger nodes.
Enterprise Webhook changefeed sink You can now stream individual changefeed messages as webhook messages to a newly supported webhook-https sink. The webhook sink is a flexible, general-purpose sink solution that does not require managing a Kafka cluster or cloud storage sink.
Enterprise Multi-region bulk operations improvements The following bulk operations are now supported:
Enterprise Changefeeds for regional by row tables Changefeeds are now supported on regional by row tables.
Enterprise Changefeed observability You can now display specific fields related to changefeed jobs by running SHOW CHANGEFEED JOBS.

Database operations

Version Feature Description
Enterprise Kubernetes Operator on Amazon EKS The Kubernetes Operator is now supported on Amazon EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service).
Enterprise Extend the Kubernetes Operator API The Kubernetes Operator API has been extended to a state where it can support the various types of single-region deployments the Helm chart currently supports. This includes:
  • Node affinity
  • Pod affinity and anti-affinity
  • Taints and tolerations
  • Custom labels and annotations
    Enterprise Multi-region in the DB Console The DB Console now surfaces multi-region information to provide observability into global databases and their workloads. You can view multi-region details on the Databases, Statements, and Transactions pages.
    Core Automatic ballast files CockroachDB now automatically creates an emergency ballast file at startup time. The cockroach debug ballast command is still available but deprecated. For more information about how automatic ballast file creation works, see automatic ballast files.

    Backward-incompatible changes

    Before upgrading to CockroachDB v21.2, be sure to review the following backward-incompatible changes and adjust your deployment as necessary.

    • Interleaved tables and interleaved indexes have been removed. Before upgrading to v21.2, convert interleaved tables and replace interleaved indexes. Clusters with interleaved tables and indexes cannot finalize the v21.2 upgrade.
    • Previously, CockroachDB only supported the YMD format for parsing timestamps from strings. It now also supports the MDY format to better align with PostgreSQL. A timestamp such as 1-1-18, which was previously interpreted as 2001-01-18, will now be interpreted as 2018-01-01. To continue interpreting the timestamp in the YMD format, the first number can be represented with 4 digits, 2001-1-18.
    • The deprecated cluster setting cloudstorage.gs.default.key has been removed, and the behavior of the AUTH parameter in Google Cloud Storage BACKUP and IMPORT URIs has been changed. The default behavior is now that of AUTH=specified, which uses the credentials passed in the CREDENTIALS parameter, and the previous default behavior of using the node's implicit access (via its machine account or role) now requires explicitly passing AUTH=implicit.
    • Switched types from TEXT to "char" for compatibility with PostgreSQL in the following columns: pg_constraint (confdeltype, confmatchtype, confudptype, contype) pg_operator (oprkind), pg_prog (proargmodes), pg_rewrite (ev_enabled, ev_type), and pg_trigger (tgenabled).

    Deprecations

    • The kv.closed_timestamp.closed_fraction and kv.follower_read.target_multiple settings are now deprecated and turned into no-ops. They had already stopped controlling the closing of timestamps in v21.1, but were still influencing the follower_read_timestamp() computation for a timestamp that is likely to be closed on all followers. To replace them, a simpler kv.closed_timestamp.propagation_slack setting is introduced, modeling the delay between when a leaseholder closes a timestamp and when all the followers become aware of it (defaults conservatively to 1s). follower_read_timestamp() is now computed as kv.closed_timestamp.target_duration + kv.closed_timestamp.side_transport_interval + kv.closed_timestamp.propagation_slack, which defaults to 4.2s (instead of the previous default of 4.8s).
    • Because the SELECT database privilege is being deprecated, CockroachDB now additionally checks for the CONNECT privilege on the database to allow for backing up the database. Existing users with SELECT on the database can still back up the database, but it is now recommended to GRANT CONNECT on the database.
    • IMPORT TABLE will be deprecated in v21.2 and removed in a future release. Users should create a table using CREATE TABLE and then IMPORT INTO the newly created table.
    • Granting SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, and DELETE on databases is being deprecated. The syntax is still supported, but is automatically converted to the equivalent ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ALL ROLES command. The user is given a notice that the privilege is incompatible and automatically being converted to an ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGE FOR ALL ROLES command.

    Known limitations

    For information about new and unresolved limitations in CockroachDB v21.2, with suggested workarounds where applicable, see Known Limitations.

    Education

    Area Topic Description
    Cockroach University New Serverless course Introduction to Serverless Databases and CockroachDB Serverless teaches you the core concepts behind serverless databases and gives you the tools you need to get started with CockroachDB Serverless.
    Cockroach University New Schema Design Course Foundations of Schema Design in CockroachDB teaches you CockroachDB's rich data types and the best practices and anti-patterns to consider when designing schema for CockroachDB.
    Cockroach University New Node.js Course Fundamentals of CockroachDB for Node.js Developers guides you through building a full-stack vehicle-sharing app in Typescript using Node.js with TypeORM and a CockroachCloud Free cluster as the backend.
    Docs CockroachDB Cloud Guidance Added Node.js, Go, Python, and Java sample app code and connection guidance to the CockroachDB Serverless Quickstart, as well as docs explaining the CockroachDB Serverless Architecture, important concepts for planning/managing a Serverless cluster (e.g., request units, cluster scaling), and how to run customer-owned backups on CockroachDB Dedicated and CockroachDB Serverless clusters.
    Docs Multi-Region Guidance Added docs on transitioning to the new multi-region SQL abstractions from the legacy zone-configuration-based workflows, and on data domiciling in multi-region clusters.
    Docs Performance Tuning Recipes Added solutions for common performance issues.
    Docs New Developer Tutorials Added tutorials on using Google Cloud Run to deploy a containerized Django application and using the Alembic schema migration module with a simple Python application.
    Docs Changefeed Tuning Guidance Added guidance on tuning changefeeds for high-durability delivery, high throughput, and Kafka sinks.
    Docs Sample App Specifications Added a README with specifications for future sample apps built by external partners or contributors.
    Docs Disk Stall Troubleshooting Added docs explaining the symptoms, causes, and mitigations for disk stalls.
    Docs Network Logging with Fluentd Added an example configuration for network logging with Fluentd.

    v21.2.0-rc.3

    Release Date: November 1, 2021

    Downloads

    Warning:

    CockroachDB v21.2.0-rc.3 is a testing release. Testing releases are intended for testing and experimentation only, and are not qualified for production environments and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments.

    Note:

    Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

    Full CockroachDB executable

    Warning:

    The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

    Docker image

    To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

    icon/buttons/copy
    docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach-unstable:v21.2.0-rc.3
    

    Changelog

    View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0-rc.2...v21.2.0-rc.3

    Bug fixes

    • Previously, CockroachDB could incorrectly read the data of a unique secondary index that used to be a primary index created by an ALTER PRIMARY KEY command in v21.1.x or prior versions. This is now fixed. #71586
    • Previously, CockroachDB could crash if network connectivity was impaired. The stack trace (in cockroach-stderr.log) would contain server.(*statusServer).NodesUI in that case. This is now fixed. #71756
    • A bug has been fixed which caused incorrect results for some queries that utilized a zig-zag join. The bug could only reproduce on tables with at least two multi-column indexes with nullable columns. The bug was present since v19.2.0. #71824
    • Fixed a rare deadlock on system ranges that could happen when an internal transaction COMMIT/ROLLBACK that was a no-op (did not make any writes) triggered gossip data propagation. #71978
    • Previously, some instances of a broken client connection could cause an infinite loop while processing commands from the client. This is now fixed. #72004

    Contributors

    This release includes 10 merged PRs by 6 authors.

    v21.2.0-rc.2

    Release Date: October 25, 2021

    Downloads

    Warning:

    CockroachDB v21.2.0-rc.2 is a testing release. Testing releases are intended for testing and experimentation only, and are not qualified for production environments and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments.

    Note:

    Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

    Full CockroachDB executable

    Warning:

    The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

    Docker image

    To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

    icon/buttons/copy
    docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach-unstable:v21.2.0-rc.2
    

    Changelog

    View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0-rc.1...v21.2.0-rc.2

    Bug fixes

    • The Transaction page no longer crashes when a statement is not found. #71599
    • Fixed certificate bundle building logic. #71593
    • Fixed an internal error with joins that are both LATERAL and NATURAL/USING. #70801

    Contributors

    This release includes 5 merged PRs by 5 authors.

    v21.2.0-rc.1

    Release Date: October 18, 2021

    Downloads

    Warning:

    CockroachDB v21.2.0-rc.1 is a testing release. Testing releases are intended for testing and experimentation only, and are not qualified for production environments and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments.

    Note:

    Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

    Full CockroachDB executable

    Warning:

    The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

    Docker image

    To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

    icon/buttons/copy
    docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach-unstable:v21.2.0-rc.1
    

    Changelog

    View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0-beta.4...v21.2.0-rc.1

    Security updates

    • It is no longer possible to use node TLS certificates to establish a SQL connection with any username other than node. This had existed as a way for an operator to use the node certificate to perform operations on behalf of another SQL user. However, this isn't necessary: an operator with access to a node cert can log in as node directly and create new credentials for another user. By removing this facility, we tighten the guarantee that the principal in the TLS client cert always matches the SQL identity. #71188
    • Multi-tenant SQL servers now reuse the tenant client certificate (client-tenant.NN.crt) for SQL-to-SQL communication. Existing deployments must regenerate the certificates with dual purpose (client and server authentication). #71402

    SQL language changes

    • SQL tenants will now spill to disk by default when processing large queries, instead of to memory. #71218

    Command-line changes

    • cockroach mt start-sql will now support the following flags to configure ephemeral storage for SQL when processing large queries: --store, --temp-dir, and --max-disk-temp-storage. #71218
    • cockroach mt start-sql will now support the --max-sql-memory flag to configure maximum SQL memory capacity to store temporary data. #71276

    DB Console changes

    • Non-Admin users of the DB Console have regained the ability to view the Cluster Overview page. Users without the Admin role will still see most data about their nodes, but information such as command-line arguments, environment variables, and IP addresses and DNS names of nodes will be hidden. #71383

    Bug fixes

    • Fixed a bug that caused the optimizer to erroneously discard WHERE filters when executing prepared statements, causing incorrect results to be returned. This bug was present since version v21.1.9. #71118
    • In Enterprise clusters that are upgraded to this version, fixed a bug that prevents changefeeds and backups from being exercised as of a point in time prior to the upgrade. #71319
    • Fixed a bug from an earlier v21.2 beta whereby a migration to create the system.statement_statistics table was not run. #71477

    Contributors

    This release includes 18 merged PRs by 13 authors.

    v21.2.0-beta.4

    Release Date: October 11, 2021

    Downloads

    Warning:

    CockroachDB v21.2.0-beta.4 is a testing release. Testing releases are intended for testing and experimentation only, and are not qualified for production environments and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments.

    Note:

    Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

    Full CockroachDB executable

    Warning:

    The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

    Docker image

    To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

    icon/buttons/copy
    docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach-unstable:v21.2.0-beta.4
    

    Changelog

    View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0-beta.3...v21.2.0-beta.4

    Enterprise edition changes

    • Fixed a bug that could have led to duplicate instances of a single changefeed job running for prolonged periods of time. #70921

    SQL language changes

    • The cluster settings sql.telemetry.query_sampling.qps_threshold, and sql.telemetry.query_sampling.sample_rate have been removed. A new setting, sql.telemetry.query_sampling.max_event_frequency has been introduced, with a default value of 10 events per second. #70960
    • EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) now returns an error for non-system tenants, since we cannot yet support it correctly. #70949

    Command-line changes

    DB Console changes

    • Removed the link to Statement Details on the Session table #70805
    • A new column, Interval Start Time (UTC), has been added to both the Statements and Transactions tables. The column represents the start time in UTC of the statistics aggregation interval for a statement. By default, the aggregation interval is 1 hour. Interval Start Time has been added to the Statement details page. A new query parameter has been added to Statement details page. If the search param aggregated_ts is set, it will display the statement details for statements aggregated at that interval. If unset, it will display the statement details for the statement aggregated over the date range. #70895
    • The Terminate Session and Terminate Statement buttons have been temporarily disabled on the Sessions page. #71014
    • Updated color, fonts, and spaces on the Statements, Statements Details, Transactions, Transactions Details, and Sessions pages #71020
    • Fixed a bug where the Clock Offset graph rendered incorrectly on nodes with multiple stores. #70468
    • Fixed a bug where replicas awaiting to be garbage collected were causing the Range Report page to not load at all due to a JS error. The page will now load and display an empty Replica Type while in this state. #70211

    Bug fixes

    • The selected app name in the Statements page of the DB Console is now derived from the route parameters. #71024
    • Fixed a bug that addresses an issue in Pebble where a key can be dropped from an LSM snapshot if the key was deleted by a range tombstone after the snapshot was acquired. #70969
    • The Statement details page in the Cloud console now filters statements by the provided aggregated_ts query parameter. #71081
    • The SQL layer no longer panics under memory pressure when the query profiler is enabled. #71007

    Contributors

    This release includes 29 merged PRs by 17 authors.

    v21.2.0-beta.3

    Release Date: October 4, 2021

    Downloads

    Warning:

    CockroachDB v21.2.0-beta.3 is a testing release. Testing releases are intended for testing and experimentation only, and are not qualified for production environments and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments.

    Note:

    Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

    Full CockroachDB executable

    Warning:

    The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

    Docker image

    To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

    icon/buttons/copy
    docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach-unstable:v21.2.0-beta.3
    

    Changelog

    View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0-beta.2...v21.2.0-beta.3

    SQL language changes

    • SHOW JOBS will now include the newly added columns from crdb_internal.jobs (last_run, next_run, num_runs, and execution_errors). The columns capture state related to retries, failures, and exponential backoff. #70791

    DB Console changes

    • On the Statement Details page, CockroachDB now shows info not yet sampled as unavailable, instead of with a value of 0. #70569
    • On the EXPLAIN plan tab in the Statement Details page, users can now hover over underlined EXPLAIN plan attributes to get tooltips with more information on the attribute. #70631
    • Persisted statements are now enabled for tenants. In the Statements and Transactions pages, users now view the aggregated statistics for statements and transactions over a date range. A date range selector is present in both pages in order to select the range of persisted stats to view. Note that the two pages share a single date range. #70777
    • Removed last cleared status from the Statements, Transactions, and Transaction Details pages and updated the tooltip on clear SQL stats to indicate it will also clear the persisted data. #70777
    • For URLs on the Statement Details page, the app name and database name are now query string parameters. The route to statement details is now definitively /statement/:implicitTxn/:statement?{queryStringParams}, e.g., statement/true/SELECT%20city%2C%20id%20FROM%20vehicles%20WHERE%20city%20%3D%20%241?database=movr&app=movr #70804

    Bug fixes

    • Fixed a problem where the TPC-C workload, when used in a multi-region setup, did not properly assign workers to the local partitions. #70613
    • Fixed styling issues in the tooltip text on the Statements and Transactions pages' table columns. #70650
    • Fixed a bug where EXPLAIN (VEC) on some queries could lead to a crash. The bug was present only in v21.2 testing releases. #70524
    • The Statements and Transactions pages are now able to display and reset persisted SQL stats. #70777
    • Fixed a bug where the exit status of the cockroach command did not follow the previously-documented table of exit status codes when an error occurred during the command startup. Only errors occurring after startup were reported using the correct code. This bug had existed ever since reference exit status codes were introduced. #70676

    Contributors

    This release includes 26 merged PRs by 18 authors.

    v21.2.0-beta.2

    Release Date: September 27, 2021

    Downloads

    Warning:

    CockroachDB v21.2.0-beta.2 is a testing release. Testing releases are intended for testing and experimentation only, and are not qualified for production environments and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments.

    Note:

    Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

    Full CockroachDB executable

    Warning:

    The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

    Docker image

    To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

    icon/buttons/copy
    docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach-unstable:v21.2.0-beta.2
    

    Changelog

    View a detailed changelog on GitHub: v21.2.0-beta.1...v21.2.0-beta.2

    Security updates

    • SQL tenant servers will now use a TLS certificate for their HTTP server when it's present. Previously this server never used TLS. #70056

    SQL language changes

    • The query logging enabled by sql.telemetry.query_sampling.enabled now avoids considering SQL statements issued internally by CockroachDB itself. #70358
    • IMPORT INTO now supports UDT for default and computed columns. #70270
    • IMPORT INTO regional by row tables is now supported. #70270

    Operational changes

    • The meaning of the recently introduced transaction_rows_written_err and transaction_rows_read_err (as well as the corresponding _log variables) have been adjusted to indicate the largest number of rows that is still allowed. In other words, originally reaching the limit would result in an error, and now only exceeding the limit would. #70014

    Command-line changes

    • It is now possible to mix and match severity filters for different channels on a single log sink. For example:

      file-groups:    monitoring:      channels: {WARNING: [OPS, STORAGE], INFO: HEALTH}
      

      This defines a single file sink "monitoring" which captures all messages from the HEALTH channel, and only messages at severity WARNING or higher from the OPS and STORAGE channels.

      Another example:

      file-groups:    default:       channels: {INFO: all except STORAGE, WARNING: STORAGE}
      

      This captures all messages on all channels except the STORAGE channel, plus the messages at severity WARNING or higher from STORAGE. Note: the previous syntax remains supported. When channel is specified without explicit severities, the filter attribute is used as the default (like previously). #70411

    • The default logging configuration now redirects the HEALTH logging channel to a distinct log file (cockroach-health.log). #70411

    • The default logging configuration now redirects the output on the SQL_SCHEMA channel to a new separate file group sql-schema (cockroach-sql-schema.log), and the PRIVILEGES and USER_ADMIN channels to a new separate file group security (cockroach-security.log). The new security group has the auditable flag set. As previously, the administrator can inspect the default configuration with cockroach debug check-log-config. #70411

    • The server logging configuration now also includes a copy of messages from all logging channels at severity WARNING or higher into the default log file. This ensures that severe messages from all channels are also included in the main log file used during troubleshooting. #70411

    DB Console changes

    Bug fixes

    • Columns that were hidden by default were not being displayed when selected. This commit fixes the behavior. #70054
    • Fixed all broken links to documentation. #70063
    • Temporary tables were not properly cleaned up for tenants. This is now fixed. #70129
    • DNS unavailability during range 1 leaseholder loss will no longer cause significant latency increases for queries and other operations. #70135
    • Last Execution Timestamp is now properly updating. #70297
    • Fixed a bug in full cluster restores where dropped descriptor revisions would cause the restore to fail. #70368
    • Default columns were displayed on the Statements page on the CockroachCloud console when the user never made any selection. This is now fixed. #70206
    • cockroach mt start-proxy now appropriately sets the .ServerName member of outgoing TLS connections. This allows the proxy to function appropriately when the --insecure and --skip-verify CLI flags are omitted. #70290

    Contributors

    This release includes 44 merged PRs by 22 authors.

    v21.2.0-beta.1

    Release Date: September 24, 2021

    Warning:

    This testing release includes a known bug. We do not recommend upgrading to this release. The v21.2.0-beta.2 release includes a fix for the bug.

    Downloads

    Warning:

    CockroachDB v21.2.0-beta.1 is a testing release. Testing releases are intended for testing and experimentation only, and are not qualified for production environments and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments.

    Note:

    Experimental downloads are not qualified for production use and not eligible for support or uptime SLA commitments, whether they are for testing releases or production releases.

    Full CockroachDB executable

    Warning:

    The CockroachDB executable for Windows is experimental and not suitable for production deployments. Windows 8 or higher is required.

    Docker image

    To download the Docker image (Intel-only):

    icon/buttons/copy
    docker pull cockroachdb/cockroach-unstable:v21.2.0-beta.1
    

    Backward-incompatible changes

    • Previously, CockroachDB only supported the YMD format for parsing timestamps from strings. It now also supports the MDY format to better align with PostgreSQL. A timestamp such as 1-1-18, which was previously interpreted as 2001-01-18, will now be interpreted as 2018-01-01. To continue interpreting the timestamp in the YMD format, the first number can be represented with 4 digits, 2001-1-18. #64381
    • The deprecated setting cloudstorage.gs.default.key has been removed, and the behavior of the AUTH parameter in Google Cloud Storage BACKUP and IMPORT URIs has been changed. The default behavior is now that of AUTH=specified, which uses the credentials passed in the CREDENTIALS parameter, and the previous default behavior of using the node's implicit access (via its machine account or role) now requires explicitly passing AUTH=implicit. #64737
    • Switched types from TEXT to "char" for compatibility with postgres in the following columns: pg_constraint (confdeltype, confmatchtype, confudptype, contype) pg_operator (oprkind), pg_prog (proargmodes), pg_rewrite (ev_enabled, ev_type), pg_trigger (tgenabled) #65101

    Security updates

    • Certain HTTP debug endpoints reserved to admin users now return more details about range start/end keys, such as the "hot ranges" report. #63748
    • The cluster setting server.remote_debugging.mode has been removed. The debug endpoints are now available to every client with access to the HTTP port. All the HTTP URLs previously affected by this setting already have user authentication and require a user to be logged in as a member of the admin role, so there was no need for an additional layer of security. #63748
    • There is now a cache for per-user authentication-related information. The data in the cache is always kept up-to-date because it checks if any change to the underlying authentication tables has been made since the last time the cache was updated. The cached data includes the user's hashed password, the NOLOGIN role option, and the VALID UNTIL role option. #66919
    • The --cert-principal-map flag now allows the certificate principal name to contain colons. #67703
    • Added the admin-only debugging built-in functions crdb_internal.read_file and crdb_internal.write_file to read/write bytes from/to external storage URIs used by BACKUP or IMPORT. #67427
    • The certificate loader now allows the loading of root-owned private keys, provided the owning group matches the group of the (non-root) user running CockroachDB. #68182
    • Old authentication web session rows in the system.web_sessions table no longer accumulate indefinitely in the long run. These rows are periodically deleted. Refer to the documentation for details about the new cluster settings for system.web_sessions. #67547
    • The error returned during a failed authentication attempt will now include the InvalidAuthorizationSpecification PostgreSQL error code (28000). #69106

    General changes

    • CockroachDB now supports new debug endpoints to help users with troubleshooting. #69594
    • The kv.closed_timestamp.closed_fraction and kv.follower_read.target_multiple settings are now deprecated and turned into no-ops. They had already stopped controlling the closing of timestamps in v21.1, but were still influencing the follower_read_timestamp() computation for a timestamp that's likely to be closed on all followers. To replace them, a simpler kv.closed_timestamp.propagation_slack setting is introduced, modeling the delay between when a leaseholder closes a timestamp and when all the followers become aware of it (defaults conservatively to 1s). follower_read_timestamp() is now computed as kv.closed_timestamp.target_duration + kv.closed_timestamp.side_transport_interval + kv.closed_timestamp.propagation_slack, which defaults to 4.2s (instead of the previous default of 4.8s). #69775
    • Added documentation for Cluster API v2 endpoints. #62560
    • Added crdb_internal.create_join_token() SQL built-in function to create join tokens for use when joining new nodes to a secure cluster. This functionality is hidden behind a feature flag. #62053
    • Added Cluster API v2 endpoints for querying databases, tables, users, and events in a database. #63000
    • All SQL-level cluster settings have been made public. #66688
    • The setting kv.transaction.write_pipelining_max_outstanding_size is now a no-op. Its function is folded into the kv.transaction.max_intents_bytes setting. #66915
    • Introduced a /_status/regions endpoint which returns all regions along with their availability zones. #67098
    • crdb_internal.regions is now accessible from a tenant. #67098
    • The behavior for retrying jobs, which fail due to a retryable error or due to job coordinator failure, is now delayed using exponential backoff. Before this change, jobs that failed in a retryable manner would be resumed immediately on a different coordinator. This change reduces the impact of recurrently failing jobs on the cluster. This change adds two new cluster settings that control this behavior: jobs.registry.retry.initial_delay and jobs.registry.retry.max_delay, which respectively control initial delay and maximum delay between resumptions. #66889
    • Previously, non-cancelable jobs, such as schema-change jobs, could fail while reverting due to transient errors, leading to unexpected results. Now, non-cancelable reverting jobs are retried instead of failing when transient errors are encountered. This mitigates the impact of temporary failures on non-cancelable reverting jobs. #69087
    • Added new columns in the crdb_internal.jobs table that show the current backoff state of a job and its execution log. The execution log consists of a sequence of job start and end events and any associated errors that were encountered during each job's execution. Now users can query the internal crdb_internal.jobs table to get more insights about jobs through the following columns: last_run shows the last execution time of a job; next_run shows the next execution time of a job based on exponential-backoff delay; num_runs shows the number of times the job has been executed; and execution_log provides a set of events that are generated when a job starts and ends its execution. #68995
    • When jobs encounter retryable errors during execution, they will now record these errors into their state. The errors, as well as metadata about the execution, can be inspected via the newly added execution_errors field of crdb_internal.jobs, which is a STRING[] column. #69370

    Enterprise edition changes

    • Added new DEBUG_PAUSE_ON option to RESTORE jobs to allow for self pause on errors. #69422
    • Changefeed option values are now case insensitive. #69217
    • Performance for changefeeds during some range-split operations is now improved. #66312
    • Cloud storage sinks for Enterprise changefeeds are no longer experimental. #69787
    • Kafka sink URIs now accept the topic_name parameter to override per-table topic names. #62377
    • SHOW BACKUP now shows whether the backup is full or incremental under the backup_type column. #63832
    • Previously, if a restore cluster mismatched the regions in backup cluster, the data would be restored as if the zone configuration did not exist. CockroachDB now checks the regions before restore, making users aware of mismatched regions between backup and restore clusters. If there is a mismatched region, users can either update cluster localities or restore with the --skip-localities-check option to continue. #64758
    • Added ca_cert as a query parameter to the Confluent registry schema URL to trust custom certs on connection. #65431
    • Changefeeds will now report more schema registry connection problems immediately at job creation time. #65775
    • Changefeeds can now be started with the mvcc_timestamp option to emit the MVCC timestamp of each row being emitted. This option is similar to the updated option, but the mvcc_timestamp will always contain the row's MVCC timestamp, even during the changefeed's initial backfill. #65661
    • Introduced a new webhook sink (prefix webhook-https) to send individual changefeed messages as webhook events. #66497
    • RESTORE now supports restoring individual tables into a multi-region database. If the table being restored is also multi-region, REGIONAL BY ROW tables cannot be restored, and REGIONAL BY TABLE tables can only be restored if their localities match those of the database they're being restored into. #65015
    • Changefeeds don't attempt to use protected timestamps when running in a multi-tenant environment. #67285
    • New 'on_error' option to pause on non-retryable errors instead of failing. #68176
    • Changefeeds no longer fail when started on REGIONAL BY ROW tables. Note that in REGION BY ROW tables, the crdb_region column becomes part of the primary index. Thus, changing an existing table to REGIONAL BY ROW will trigger a changefeed backfill with new messages emitted using the new composite primary key. #68229
    • Descriptor IDs of every object are now visible in SHOW BACKUP, along with the descriptor IDs of the object's database and parent schema. SHOW BACKUP will display these IDs if the WITH debug_ids option is specified. #68540
    • The changefeed Avro format is no longer marked as experimental. #68818
    • Changefeed statements now error if the provided sink URL does not contain a scheme. Such URLs are typically a mistake and will result in non-functional changefeeds. #68978
    • Added WITH REASON = <reason> to PAUSE JOB to gain visibility into why a job was paused by allowing pauses to be attached to a reason string. This reason is then persisted in the payload of the job and can be queried later. #68909
    • Because the SELECT database privilege is being deprecated, CockroachDB now additionally checks for the CONNECT privilege on the database to allow for backing up the database. Existing users with SELECT on the database can still back up the database, but it is now recommended to GRANT CONNECT on the database. #68391
    • Added a webhook_sink_config JSON option to configure batching and flushing behavior, along with retry behavior for webhook sink changefeed messages. #68633
    • Changefeeds will now error if an option is used with an incompatible sink. #69173
    • Fixed a bug where changefeeds would fail to correctly handle a primary key change. #69234
    • Changefeeds now correctly account for memory during backfills and "pushback" under memory pressure—that is, slow down backfills. #69388
    • Changefeeds will now slow down correctly whenever there is a slow-down in the system (i.e., downstream sink is slow). #68288
    • Changefeeds will now flush the sink only when frontier advances. This eliminates unnecessary sink flushes. #67988
    • Improved changefeed scalability, particularly when running against large tables, by reducing the rate of job progress updates. #67815
    • Changefeeds can resume during backfill without losing too much progress. #66013

    SQL language changes

    • To perform REASSIGN OWNED BY, the current user running the command must now be a member of both the old and new roles. Previously the new owner would need: to be a member of the CREATEDB role if the object being changed was a database, CREATE privileges for the database if the object being changed was a schema, or CREATE privileges for the schema if object being changed was a table or type. #69382
    • The SQL stats compaction job now only shows up in the output of SHOW AUTOMATIC JOBS. #69641
    • DROPs, RENAMEs, and other light schema changes are no longer user cancelable to avoid scenarios that do not properly rollback. #69328
    • Users can now opt to disable auto-rehoming for a session by setting on_update_rehome_row_enabled = false. This can be permanently unset by default using the cluster setting sql.defaults.on_update_rehome_row.enabled. #69626
    • It is now possible to alter the owner of the crdb_internal_region type, which is created by initiating a multi-region database. #69722
    • Added more detail to the error message users receive when they call SHOW BACKUP with a path pointing to the root of the collection, rather than a specific backup in the collection. #69638
    • Introduced a new cluster setting sql.stats.persisted_rows.max and increased its default value to 1000000 (1,000,000 rows). #69667
    • Previously, users had no way of determining which objects in their database utilized deprecated features like interleaved indexes/tables or cross-database references. Added crdb_internal tables cross_db_references, interleaved_indexes, and interleaved_tables for detecting these deprecated features within a given database. #61629
    • The sql.defaults.vectorize_row_count_threshold cluster setting, as well as the corresponding vectorize_row_count_threshold session variable, have been removed. From now on, CockroachDB will behave exactly as if these were set to 0 (last default value). #62164
    • Updated crdb_internal.interleaved to add the parent_table_name column replacing the parent_index_name column. #62076
    • CockroachDB now references sequences used in views by their IDs to allow these sequences to be renamed. #61439
    • Added SQLType to classify DDL, DML, DCL, or TCL statement types. #62989
    • Implemented the geometry-based built-in ST_IsValidTrajectory. #63072
    • CockroachDB now accepts UUID inputs that have a hyphen after any group of four digits. This aligns with the UUID format used by PostgreSQL. For example, a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11 is now considered a valid UUID. #63137
    • The gen_ulid and uuid_ulid_to_string built-ins are now available for use. #62440
    • Single-key spans in EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN (DISTSQL) are now shown without a misleading dash after them. #61583
    • Enabled locality-optimized search in the row execution engine. #63384
    • CockroachDB now should be more stable when executing queries with subqueries producing many rows (previously it could OOM crash; it wil now use the temporary disk storage). #63900
    • Correlated common table expressions (CTEs) can now be used. #63956
    • Introduced a new session variable distsql_workmem that determines how much RAM a single operation of a single query can take before the operation must spill to disk. This is identical to the sql.distsql.temp_storage.workmem cluster setting but has the session-level scope. #63959
    • crdb_internal.node_statement_statistics now stores statement_id. #64076
    • Added line to the EXPLAIN ANALYZE output to show disk spill usage to make it clear when disk spilling occurs executing a query. This output is only shown when the disk usage is greater than zero. The verbiage in the DistSQL EXPLAIN diagrams changed from max scratch disk allocated to max sql temp disk usage for consistency and to match the way we talk about SQL spill disk usage elsewhere. #64137
    • Previously, committing a transaction when a portal was suspended would cause a "multiple active portals not supported" error. Now, the portal is automatically destroyed. #63677
    • Bulk IO operations are no longer included in service latency metrics. #64442
    • Collated strings may now have a locale that is a language tag, followed by a -u- suffix, followed by anything else. For example, any locale with a prefix of en-US-u- is now considered valid. #64695
    • Added new tables to pg_catalog: pg_partitioned_table, pg_replication_origin_status, pg_init_privs, pg_replication_slots, pg_policy, pg_sequences, pg_subscription_rel, pg_largeobject_metadata. #64035
    • Added new columns to pg_catalog tables: pg_class (relminmxid), pg_constraint (conparentid). #64035
    • Using the table name as a projection now works, e.g., SELECT table_name FROM table_name or SELECT row_to_json(table_name) FROM table_name. #64748
    • Added generate_series for TIMESTAMPTZ values. #64887
    • Added the sql.defaults.require_explicit_primary_keys.enabled cluster setting for requiring explicit primary keys in CREATE TABLE statements. #64951
    • SQL service latency now only includes metrics from DML statements. #64893
    • Added support for using OPERATOR(operator) for binary expressions. This only works for in-built CockroachDB operators. #64701
    • Introduced the OPERATOR syntax for unary operators. This only works for unary operators usable in CockroachDB. #64701
    • Implemented the geometry built-in function ST_LineCrossingDirection. #64997
    • Added the pg_relation_is_updatable and pg_column_is_updatable built-in functions #64788
    • information_schema.columns.data_type now returns "USER-DEFINED" when the column is a user-defined type (e.g., ENUM) #65154
    • CockroachDB now supports the scalar functions get_byte() and set_byte() as in PostgreSQL. #65189
    • CockroachDB now supports converting strings of hexadecimal digits prefixed by x or X to a BIT value, in the same way as PostgreSQL. Note that only the conversion via casts is supported (e.g., 'XAB'::BIT(8)); PostgreSQL's literal constant syntax (e.g., X'AB'::BIT(8)) continues to have different meaning in CockroachDB (byte array) due to historical reasons. #65188
    • SHOW JOBS now shows the trace_id of the trace that is associated with the current execution of the job. This allows pulling inflight traces for a job for debugging purposes. #65322
    • The vectorized execution engine now supports the ntile window function. #64977
    • Pg_sequences table was implemented on pg_catalog #65420
    • A constant can now be cast to regclass without first converting the constant to an OID. E.g., 52::regclass can now be done instead of 52::oid::regclass. #65432
    • References to WITH expressions from correlated subqueries are now always supported. #65550
    • Added new SHOW CHANGEFEED JOBS command with additional information about changefeeds for improved user visibility. #64956
    • This is strictly a change for docgen and sql grammar. Now all sql.y statements (excluding those that are unimplemented or specified to be skipped) will have automatically have a stmtSpec defined for them and thus will have a bnf and svg file automatically generated in cockroachdb/generated-diagrams. #65278
    • The vectorized execution engine now supports the lag and lead window functions. #65634
    • The total number of statement/transaction fingerprints stored in-memory can now be limited using the cluster settings sql.metrics.max_mem_stmt_fingerprints and sql.metrics.max_mem_txn_fingerprints. #65902
    • Previously, SQL commands that were sent during the PostgreSQL extended protocol that were too big would error opaquely. This is now resolved by returning a friendlier error message. #57590
    • Namespace entries may no longer be queried via system.namespace2. #65340
    • EXPLAIN ANALYZE output now includes, for each plan step, the total time spent waiting for KV requests as well as the total time those KV requests spent contending with other transactions. #66157
    • Added the SHOW CREATE DATABASE command to get database metadata. #66033
    • Added sample_plan, database_name, and exec_node_ids columns to the crdb_internal.node_statement_statistics table. This allows for third-party and partner consumption of this data. #65782
    • Implemented pg_rewrite for table-view dependencies. Table-view dependencies are no longer stored directly in pg_depend. #65495
    • Added some virtual tables crdb_internal.(node|cluster)_distsql_flows that expose the information about the flows of the DistSQL execution scheduled on remote nodes. These tables do not include information about the non-distributed queries or about local flows (from the perspective of the gateway node of the query). #65727
    • The use order of columns in a foreign key no longer needs to match the order the columns were defined for the reference table's unique constraint. #65209
    • Previously, in some special cases (UPSERTs, as documented in this issue), the support of the distinct operations was missing in the vectorized execution engine. This has been added, and such operations will be able to spill to disk if necessary. However, in case the distinct operator does, in fact, spill to disk, there is a slight complication. The order in which rows are inserted can be non-deterministic: for example, for a query such as INSERT INTO t VALUES (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING, with t having the schema a INT PRIMARY KEY, b INT, it is possible that any of the three rows are actually inserted. PostgreSQL appears to have the same behavior. #61582
    • Added three new views to the crdb_internal schema to support developers investigating contention events: cluster_contended_{tables, indexes, keys}. #66370
    • Implemented similar_escape and made similar_to_escape compatible with PostgreSQL. #66578
    • The "char" column type will now truncate long values, in line with PostgreSQL. #66422
    • The contents of the statistics table in the information schema have changed; therefore, so have the results of SHOW INDEX and SHOW COLUMNS. A column that is not in the primary key will now be listed as belonging to the primary index as a stored column. Previously, it was simply not listed as belonging to the primary index. #66599
    • Adding empty missing tables on information_schema for compatibility: attributes, check_constraint_routine_usage, column_column_usage, column_domain_usage, column_options, constraint_table_usage, data_type_privileges, domain_constraints, domain_udt_usage, domains, element_types, foreign_data_wrapper_options, foreign_data_wrappers, foreign_server_options, foreign_servers, foreign_table_options, foreign_tables, information_schema_catalog_name, role_column_grants, role_routine_grants, role_udt_grants, role_usage_grants, routine_privileges, sql_features, sql_implementation_info, sql_parts, sql_sizing, transforms, triggered_update_columns, triggers, udt_privileges, usage_privileges, user_defined_types, user_mapping_options, user_mappings, view_column_usage, view_routine_usage, view_table_usage. #65854
    • The SHOW QUERIES command was extended for prepared statements to show the actual values in use at query time, rather than the previous $1, $2, etc. placeholders. We expect showing these values will greatly improve the experience of debugging slow queries. #66689
    • Populated the pg_type table with entries for each table. Also populated pg_class.reltypid with the corresponding oid in the pg_type table. #66815
    • Added a virtual table crdb_internal.cluster_inflight_traces which surfaces cluster-wide inflight traces for the trace_id specified via an index constraint. The output of this table is not appropriate to consume over a SQL connection; follow-up changes will add CLI wrappers to make the interaction more user-friendly. #66679
    • Added support for iso_8601 and sql_standard as usable session variables in IntervalStyle. Also added a sql.defaults.intervalstyle cluster setting to be used as the default interval style. #67000
    • Added a cluster setting sql.defaults.primary_region, which assigns a PRIMARY REGION to a database by default. #67168
    • Introduced a cluster setting sql.allow_drop_final_region.enabled which disallows dropping of a PRIMARY REGION (the final region of a database). #67168
    • IMPORT TABLE will be deprecated in v21.2 and removed in a future release. Users should create a table using CREATE TABLE and then IMPORT INTO the newly created table. #67275
    • CockroachDB now uses JSONB instead of BYTES to store statement plans in system.statement_statistics. #67331
    • Reduced instantaneous memory usage during scans by up to 2x. #66376
    • Added the session variable backslash_quote for PostgreSQL compatibility. Setting this does a no-op, and only safe_encoding is supported. #67343
    • Introduced a crdb_internal.regions table which contains data on all regions in the cluster. #67098
    • When parsing intervals, IntervalStyle is now taken into account. In particular, IntervalStyle = 'sql_standard' will make all interval fields negative if there is a negative symbol at the front, e.g., -3 years 1 day would be -(3 years 1 day) in sql_standard and -3 days, 1 day in PostgreSQL DateStyle. #67210
    • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT can now be used to recover from LockNotAvailable errors (pgcode 55P03), which are returned when performing a FOR UPDATE SELECT with a NOWAIT wait policy. #67514
    • Added tables to information_schema that are present on MySQL. The tables are not populated and are entirely empty. column_statistics, columns_extensions, engines, events, files, keywords, optimizer_trace, partitions, plugins, processlist, profiling, resource_groups, schemata_extensions, st_geometry_columns, st_spatial_reference_systems, st_units_of_measure, table_constraints_extensions, tables_extensions, tablespaces, tablespaces_extensions, user_attributes. #66795
    • Added new built-ins compress(data, codec) and decompress(data, codec) which can compress and decompress bytes with the specified codec. Gzip is the only currently supported codec. #67426
    • The column types of the results of SHOW LAST QUERY STATISTICS (an undocumented statement meant mostly for internal use by CockroachDB's SQL shell) has been changed from INTERVAL to STRING. They are populated by the durations of the various phases of executions as if the duration, as an INTERVAL, was converted to STRING using the 'postgres' IntervalStyle. This ensures that the server-side execution timings are always available regardless of the value of the IntervalStyle session variable. #67654
    • Changed information_schema.routines data types at columns interval_precision, result_cast_char_octet_length and result_cast_datetime_precision to INT. #67641
    • Added syntax for granting and revoking privileges for all the tables in the specified schemas. New supported syntax: GRANT {privileges...} ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA {schema_names...} TO {roles...}; REVOKE {privileges...} ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA {schema_names...} TO {roles...}. This command is added for PostgreSQL compatibility. #67509
    • Added pg_stat_database and pg_stat_database_conflicts to pg_catalog. #66687
    • A database that is restored with the cluster setting sql.defaults.primary_region will now have the PRIMARY REGION from the cluster setting assigned to the database. #67581
    • The vectorized execution engine now supports CASE expressions that output BYTES-like types. #66399
    • Introduced the with_min_timestamp and with_max_staleness built-in functions. In a SELECT clause, they return the same timestamp and (now() - interval), but are intended for use in AS OF SYSTEM TIME, which will appear in an upcoming update. #67697
    • first_value, last_value, and nth_value window functions can now be executed in the vectorized execution engine. This allows for faster execution time, and also removes the need for conversions to and from row format. #67764
    • Improved performance of lookup joins in some cases. If join inequality conditions can be matched to index columns, CockroachDB now includes the conditions in the index lookup spans and removes them from the runtime filters. #66002
    • Added support for ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES and default privileges stored on databases. All objects created in a database will have the privilege set defined by the default privileges for that type of object on the database. The types of objects are TABLES, SEQUENCES, SCHEMAS, TYPES. Example: ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO foo makes it such that all tables created by the user that executed the ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES command will have SELECT privilege on the table for user foo. Additionally, one can specify a role. Example: ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE bar GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO foo. All tables created by bar will have SELECT privilege for foo. If a role is not specified, it uses the current user. For further context, see the PostgreSQL documentation. Currently, default privileges are not supported on the schema. Specifying a schema like ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA s will error. WITH GRANT OPTION is ignored. GRANT OPTION FOR is also ignored. #66785
    • Introduced a nearest_only argument for with_min_timestamp/with_max_staleness, which enforces that bounded staleness reads only talk to the nearest replica. #67837
    • CREATE TABLE LIKE now copies hidden columns over. #67799
    • Populated pg_catalog.pg_default_acl. This is important for tracking which default privileges are defined in the database. pg_catalog.pg_default_acl has 5 columns:
      • oid (oid): row identifier
      • defaclrole (oid): oid of the role the default privileges are defined for
      • defaclnamespace (oid): oid of the schema the default privileges are defined in
      • defaclobjtype (char): r = relation (table, view), S = sequence, f = function, T = type, n = schema
      • defaclacl (aclitem[]): string representation of default privileges, following the format "$1=$2/$3" where $1 is the grantee's username, $2 is a list of characters representing the privileges, and $3 is the grantor (which is currently always an empty string in CockroachDB).
      Privileges are represented by chars in the aclitem[] representation.
      • CREATE = 'C'
      • SELECT = 'r'
      • INSERT = 'a'
      • DELETE = 'd'
      • UPDATE = 'w'
      • USAGE = 'U'
      • CONNECT = 'c'
      See the PostgreSQL documentation for the table of PostgreSQL-supported privileges and their char representations and the PostgreSQL definition of pg_catalog.pg_default_acl. #67872
    • An earlier commit changed CockroachDB to use the value of the IntervalStyle session var when interpreting interval to string conversions. However, this made string::interval and interval::string casts have a volatility of "stable" instead of "immutable". This has ramifications for items such as computed columns and check clauses, which cannot use immutable expressions. This means that the particular results returned by these queries can become incoherent when IntervalStyle is customized to a different value from its default, postgres. In order to provide guardrails against this incoherence, CockroachDB now provides a new, separate configuration knob called intervalstyle_enabled that applications can use to "opt in" the ability to customize IntervalStyle:
      • By default, this knob is false and applications cannot customize IntervalStyle. Interval to string conversions that are already stored in the schema are unaffected and continue to produce results as per the default style postgres.
      • When the knob is true, these things happen:
        • Apps can start customizing IntervalStyle in SQL sessions.
        • A SQL session that has a custom IntervalStyle will start observing incoherent results when accessing tables that already contain a conversion from interval to string.
      The knob works as follows: The primary configuration mechanism is a new cluster setting called sql.defaults.intervalstyle.enabled. This is the knob that operators and DBAs should customize manually. Then, as a secondary configuration mechanism, the value of the cluster setting is also copied to each SQL session as a new session var intervalstyle_enabled. This is a performance optimization. SQL apps should not modify this session var directly, except for temporary testing purposes. In v22.1, upgrades will be disabled if these stable expressions are found in computed columns, check clauses, etc. #67792
    • Previously, OPERATOR(+)int would simplify to +int when parsed, which would lead to re-reproducibility issues when considering order of operators. This is now fixed by leaving OPERATOR(+) in the tree. #68041
    • Previously, pretty printing could fold some OPERATOR expressions based on the order of operations of the operator inside the OPERATOR. This can lead to a different order of operations when reparsing, so this is fixed by never folding OPERATOR expressions. #68041
    • Added the SHOW CREATE SCHEDULE command to view SQL statements used to create existing schedules. #66782
    • Created a built-in to reset the zone configurations of multi-region tables. This built-in can be helpful in cases where the user has overridden the zone configuration for a given table and wishes to revert back to the original system-specified state. #67985
    • Implemented the parse_interval and to_char_with_style built-ins, which convert strings from/to intervals with immutable volatility. #67970
    • Casting from interval to string or vice-versa is now blocked for computed columns, partial indexes, and partitions when the intervalstyle_enabled session setting is enabled. Instead, using to_char_with_style(interval, style) or parse_interval(interval, intervalstyle) is available as a substitute. This is enforced in v22.1, but is opt-in for v21.2. It is recommended to set the cluster setting sql.defaults.intervalstyle_enabled to true to avoid surprises when upgrading to v22.1. #67970
    • Common aggregate functions can now be executed in the vectorized execution engine. This allows for better memory accounting and faster execution in some cases. #68081
    • Retry information has been added to the statement trace under the exec stmt operation. The trace message is in the format: "executing after retries, last retry reason: ". This message will appear in any operations that show the statement trace, which is included in operations such as SHOW TRACE FOR SESSION and is also exported in the statement diagnostics bundle. #67941
    • Added empty pg_stat* tables on pg_catalog: pg_stat_all_indexes, pg_stat_all_tables, pg_stat_archiver, pg_stat_bgwriter, pg_stat_gssapi, pg_stat_progress_analyze, pg_stat_progress_basebackup, pg_stat_progress_cluster, pg_stat_progress_create_index, pg_stat_progress_vacuum, pg_stat_replication, pg_stat_slru, pg_stat_ssl, pg_stat_subscription, pg_stat_sys_indexes, pg_stat_sys_tables, pg_stat_user_functions, pg_stat_user_indexes, pg_stat_user_tables, pg_stat_wal_receiver, pg_stat_xact_all_tables, pg_stat_xact_sys_tables, pg_stat_xact_user_functions, pg_stat_xact_user_tables, pg_statio_all_indexes, pg_statio_all_sequences, pg_statio_all_tables, pg_statio_sys_indexes, pg_statio_sys_sequences, pg_statio_sys_tables, pg_statio_user_indexes, pg_statio_user_sequences, pg_statio_user_tables. #67947
    • Added syntax for ALTER ROLE ... SET statements. The business logic for these statements is not yet implemented, but will be added in a later commit. The following forms are supported: ALTER ROLE { name | ALL } [ IN DATABASE database_name ] SET var { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }, ALTER ROLE { name | ALL } [ IN DATABASE database_name ] RESET var, ALTER ROLE { name | ALL } [ IN DATABASE database_name ] RESET ALL. As with other statements, the keywords ROLE and USER are interchangeable. This matches the PostgreSQL syntax. #68001
    • BACKUP now supports backing up tables in a specified schema (e.g., BACKUP my_schema.*, or my_db.my_schema.*). Schemas will be resolved before databases, so my_object.* will resolve to a schema of that name in the current database before matching a database with that name. #67649
    • Added support for a new index hint, NO_ZIGZAG_JOIN, which will prevent the optimizer from planning a zigzag join for the specified table. The hint can be used in the same way as other existing index hints. For example, SELECT * FROM table_name@{NO_ZIGZAG_JOIN};. #68141
    • Added a cardinality built-in function that returns the total number of elements in a given array. #68263
    • Introduced a new cluster setting jobs.trace.force_dump_mode that allows users to configure Traceable jobs to dump their traces:
      • never: Job will never dump its traces.
      • onFail: Job will dump its trace after transitioning to the failed state.
      • onStatusChange: Job will dump its trace whenever it transitions from paused, canceled, succeeded or failed state. #67386
    • DMY and YMD DateStyles are now supported. #68093
    • When the date value is out of range, a hint now suggests that the user try a different DateStyle. #68093
    • When DateStyle and IntervalStyle are updated, this will now send a ParamStatusUpdate over the wire protocol. #68093
    • Added support to alter default privileges for all roles. The syntax supported is ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ALL ROLES grant_default_privs_stmt/revoke_default_privs_stmt. Only admin users are able to execute this. This allows adding default privileges for objects that are created by ANY role, as opposed to having to specify a creator role to which the default privileges will apply when creating an object. Example: ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ALL ROLES GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO foo;. Regardless of whichever user now creates a table in the current database, foo will have SELECT. #68076
    • Added a crdb_internal.reset_multi_region_zone_configs_for_database built-in to reset the zone configuration of a multi-region database. This built-in can be helpful in cases where the user has overridden the zone configuration for a given database and wishes to revert back to the original system-specified state. #68280
    • The session setting optimizer_improve_disjunction_selectivity and its associated cluster setting sql.defaults.optimizer_improve_disjunction_selectivity.enabled are no longer supported. They were added in v21.1.7 to enable better optimizer selectivity calculations for disjunctions. This logic is now always enabled. #68349
    • Running ALTER ROLE on any role that is a member of admin now requires the admin role. Previously, any user with the CREATEROLE option could ALTER an admin. #68187
    • Introduced an hlc_to_timestamp built-in, which converts a CockroachDB HLC to a TIMESTAMPTZ. This is useful for pretty printing crdb_internal_mvcc_timestamp or cluster_logical_timestamp(), but is not useful for accuracy. #68360
    • Added a crdb_internal.default_privileges table that is useful for getting a human-readable way of examining default privileges. #67997
    • Added support for SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES and SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE .... If a role(s) is not specified, default privileges are shown for the current role. SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES returns the following columns: schema_name, role, object_type, grantee, privilege_type. #67997
    • The pg_db_role_setting table of the pg_catalog is now implemented. When ALTER ROLE ... SET var is used to configure per-role defaults, these default settings will be populated in pg_db_role_setting. This table contains the same data no matter which database the current session is using. For more context, see the PostgreSQL documentation. #68245
    • Removed the count column from the system.statement_statistics and system.transaction_statistics tables. #67866
    • Introduced the crdb_internal.index_usage_statistics virtual table to surface index usage statistics. The sql.metrics.index_usage_stats.enabled cluster setting can be used to turn on/off the subsystem. It defaults to true. #66640
    • The bulkio.backup.proxy_file_writes.enabled cluster setting is no longer needed to enable proxied writes, which are now the default. #68468
    • Default session variable settings configured by ALTER ROLE ... SET are now supported. The following order of precedence is used for variable settings:
      1. Settings specified in the connection URL as a query parameter
      2. Per-role and per-database settings configured by ALTER ROLE
      3. Per-role and all-database settings configured by ALTER ROLE
      4. All-role and per-database settings configured by ALTER ROLE
      5. All-role and all-database settings configured by ALTER ROLE
      RESET does not validate the setting name. SET validates both the name and the proposed default value. Note that the default settings for a role are not inherited if one role is a member of another role that has default settings. Also, the defaults only apply during session initialization. Using SET DATABASE to change databases does not apply default settings for that database. The public, admin, and root roles cannot have default session variables configured. The root role also will never use the "all-role" default settings. This is so that root has fewer dependencies during session initialization and to make it less likely for root authentication to become unavailable during the loss of a node. Changing the default settings for a role requires the role running the ALTER command to either be an ADMIN or to have the CREATEROLE role option. Only ADMINs can edit the default settings for another admin. Futhermore, changing the default settings for ALL roles is only allowed for ADMINs. Roles without ADMIN or CREATEROLE cannot change the default settings for themselves. #68128
    • An earlier commit changed CockroachDB to use the value of the DateStyle session var when interpreting date to string conversions (and vice-versa). However, this made string::{date,timestamp} and {date,timetz,time,timestamp}::string casts have a volatility of "stable" instead of "immutable". This has ramifications for items such as computed columns and check clauses, which cannot use immutable expressions. This means that the particular results returned by these queries can become incoherent when DateStyle is customized to a different value from its default, ISO,MDY. In order to provide guardrails against this incoherence, CockroachDB now provides a new, separate configuration knob called datestyle_enabled that applications can use to "opt in" the ability to customize DateStyle:
      • By default, this knob is false and applications cannot customize DateStyle. Invalid conversions that are already stored in the schema are unaffected and continue to produce results as per the default style postgres.
      • When the knob is true, these things happen:
        • Apps can start customizing DateStyle in SQL sessions.
        • A SQL session that has a custom DateStyle will start observing incoherent results when accessing tables that already contain the aforementioned casts.
        • New schemas cannot have the above casts.
      The knob works as follows: The primary configuration mechanism is a new cluster setting called sql.defaults.datestyle.enabled. This is the knob that operators and DBAs should customize manually. Then as a secondary configuration mechanism, the value of the cluster setting is also copied to each SQL session as a new session var datestyle_enabled. This is a performance optimization. SQL apps should not modify this session var directly, except for temporary testing purposes. In v22.1, upgrades will be disabled if these stable expressions are found in computed columns, check clauses, etc. #68352
    • Introduced parse_interval and to_char, which takes in 1 string or interval and assumes the PostgreSQL IntervalStyle to make its output. #68351
    • parse_timestamp now has a two-argument variant, which takes in a DateStyle and parses timestamps according to that DateStyle. The one argument version assumes MDY. These built-ins have an immutable volatility. #68351
    • Introduced a timestamp,DateStyle variant to to_char_with_style, which converts timestamps to a string with an immutable volatility. There is also a 1 arg to_char for timestamp values which assumes the ISO,MDY output style. #68351
    • Introduced a parse_date built-in with two variants. The single-argument variant parses a date and assumes ISO,MDY datestyle, and the two-argument variant parses a date assuming the DateStyle variant on the second argument. This provides an immutable way of casting strings to dates. #68351
    • Introduced to_char(date), which assumes a DateStyle of ISO,MDY and outputs date in that format. There is also a to_char_with_style(date, DateStyle) variant which outputs the date in the chosen DateStyle. This provides an immutable way of casting dates to strings. #68351
    • Implemented the parse_time and parse_timetz built-ins, which parses a TIME or TIMETZ with immutable volatility. #68351
    • Some queries with lookup joins and/or top K sorts are now more likely to be executed in "local" manner with the distsql=auto session variable. #68524
    • SQL stats now can be persisted into system.statement_statistics and system.transaction_statistics tables by enabling the sql.stats.flush.enable cluster setting. The interval of persistence is determined by the new sql.stats.flush.interval cluster setting, which defaults to 1 hour. #67090
    • The lock_timeout session variable is now supported. The configuration can be used to abort a query with an error if it waits longer than the configured duration while blocking on a single row-level lock acquisition. #68042
    • Added support for GENERATED {ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT} AS IDENTITY syntax in a column definition. This will automatically create a sequence for the given column. This matches PostgreSQL syntax and functionality. For more context, see the PostgreSQL documentation. #68711
    • A scan over an index and then join on the primary index to retrieve required columns now have improved performance in the vectorized execution engine. #67450
    • SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ALL ROLES is now supported as a syntax. Show default privileges returns a second column for_all_roles (bool) which indicates whether or not the default privileges shown are for all roles. #68607
    • SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES now only shows default privileges for the current user. #68607
    • If a user has a default privilege defined for, they cannot be dropped until the default privilege is removed. Example: ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE test1 GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO test2;. Neither test1 nor test2 can be dropped until performing ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE test1 REVOKE SELECT ON TABLES FROM test2;. #67950
    • Added new metrics to track schema job failure: sql.schema_changer.errors.all, sql.schema_changer.errors.constraint_violation, sql.schema_changer.errors.uncategorized; errors inside the crdb_internal.feature_usage table. #68252
    • Indexes on expressions can now be created. These indexes can be used to satisfy queries that contain filters with identical expressions. For example, SELECT * FROM t WHERE a + b = 10 can utilize an index like CREATE INDEX i ON t ((a + b)). #68807
    • Roles with the name none and starting with pg_ or crdb_internal can no longer be created. Any existing roles with these names may continue to work, but they may be broken when new features (e.g., SET ROLE) are introduced. #68972
    • Implemented the geometry-based built-in ST_Translate on arguments {geometry, float8,float8,float8}. #68959
    • Errors involving MinTimestampBoundUnsatisfiableError during a bounded staleness read now get a custom pgcode (54C01). #68967
    • Table statistics are no longer collected for views. #68997
    • Added support for SCHEMA comments using PostgreSQL's COMMENT ON SCHEMA syntax. #68606
    • SET ROLE user now parses without an equal between ROLE and =. This functionality is not yet implemented. #68750
    • Allowed RESET ROLE to be parsed. This is not yet implemented. #68750
    • Added a session_user() built-in function, which currently returns the same thing as current_user(), as we do not implement SET ROLE. #68749
    • Introduced new crdb_internal.statement_statistics virtual table that surfaces both cluster-wide in-memory statement statistics as well as persisted statement statistics. #68715
    • The regrole OID alias type is now supported, which is a PostgreSQL-compatible object identifier alias that references the pg_catalog.pg_authid table. #68877
    • CockroachDB now correctly sends the RESET tag instead of the SET tag when a RESET statement is run. #69053
    • Bounded staleness reads now retry transactions when nearest_only=True and a schema change is detected which may prevent a follower read from being served. #68969
    • Granting SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE on databases is being deprecated. The syntax is still supported, but is automatically converted to the equivalent ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ALL ROLES command. The user is given a notice that the privilege is incompatible and automatically being converted to an ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGE FOR ALL ROLES command. #68391
    • The syntax for setting database placement is now ALTER DATABASE db PLACEMENT .... (The SET keyword is no longer allowed before the PLACEMENT keyword.) #69067
    • The ALTER DATABASE db SET var ... syntax is now supported. It is a syntax alias for ALTER ROLE ALL IN DATABASE db SET var ..., since it is identical to that functionality: it configures the default value to use for a session variable when a user connects to the given database. #69067
    • Implemented the crdb_internal.serialize_session() and crdb_internal.deserialize_session(bytes) built-ins. The former outputs the session settings in a string that can be deserialized into another session by the latter. #68792
    • Added a cluster setting schedules.backup.gc_protection_enabled that defaults to true and enables chaining of GC protection across backups run as part of a schedule. #68446
    • crdb_internal.pb_to_json now does not emit default values by default. #69185
    • Implemented pg_shdepend with shared dependencies with tables, databases and pinned user/roles. #68018
    • Added a built-in function crdb_internal.datums_to_bytes, which can encode any data type which can be used in an forward index key into bytes in an immutable way. This function is now used in the expression for hash-sharded indexes. #67865
    • Introduced a new crdb_internal.transaction_statistics virtual table that surfaces both cluster-wide in-memory transaction statistics as well as persisted transaction statistics. #69049
    • Introduced SET ROLE, which allows users with certain permissions to assume the identity of another user. It is worth noting that due to cross-version compatibility, session_user will always return the same as current_user until v22.1. Instead, use session_user() if you require this information. #68973
    • An ON UPDATE expression can now be added to a column. Whenever a row is updated without modifying the ON UPDATE column, the column's ON UPDATE expression is re-evaluated, and the column is updated to the result. #69091
    • Roles have a default set of default privileges. For example, a role has ALL privileges on all objects as its default privileges when it creates the object. Additionally, the public role has Usage is a default privilege. This matches PostgreSQL's behavior such that the creator role and public role have the same set of default privileges in the default state. Now, when a user creates a table, sequence, type, or schema, it will automatically have ALL privileges on it, and public will have USAGE on types. This can be altered: ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGE FOR ROLE rolea REVOKE ALL ON ... FROM rolea will remove the default set of default privileges on the specified object from the role. #68500
    • SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES shows implicit privileges. Implicit privileges are "default" default privileges. For example, the creator should have all privileges on any object that it creates. This is now reflected in SHOW DEFAULT PRIVILEGES. #69377
    • Added a system.span_configurations table. This will later be used to store authoritative span configs. #69047
    • Added support for GENERATED {ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT} AS IDENTITY (seq_option) syntax under CREATE TABLE. An IDENTITY column is an auto-incremented column based on an automatically created sequence, with the same performance considerations as the CREATE SEQUENCE syntax. The seq_option is consistent with the sequence option syntax in CREATE SEQUENCE, and we also support CACHE in seq_option for better performance. Hence, such a column can only be of integer type, and is implicitly NOT NULL. It is essentially the same as SERIAL with serial_normalization=sql_sequence, except for user access to override it. A GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY column cannot be overridden without specifying OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE in an INSERT/UPSERT/UPDATE statement. This overriding issue cannot be resolved by the ON CONFLICT syntax. Such a column can only be updated to DEFAULT. A GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY column allows being overridden without specifying any extra syntax, and users are allowed to add repeated values to such a column. It can also be updated to customized expression, but only accepts integer type expression result. GENERATED {ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT} AS IDENTITY is also supported under ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN ... syntax. This matches the PostgreSQL syntax. #69107
    • Added transaction_fingerprint_id to system.statement_statistics primary key. #69320
    • Introduced crdb_internal.schedule_sql_stats_compaction() to manually create SQL Stats compaction schedule. Extended the SHOW SCHEDULES command to support SHOW SCHEDULES FOR SQL STATISTICS. #68401
    • The cluster setting sql.defaults.experimental_auto_rehoming.enabled and session setting experimental_enable_auto_rehoming were added to enable auto-rehoming on UPDATE for REGIONAL BY ROW tables. #69381
    • SHOW is_superuser now works, and is set to true if the user has root privileges. #69224
    • Introduced SET LOCAL, which sets a session variable for the duration of the transaction. SET LOCAL is a no-op outside the transaction. #69224
    • SET LOCAL now works for SAVEPOINTs. ROLLBACK will rollback any variables set during SET LOCAL. RELEASE TO SAVEPOINT will continue to use the variables set by SET LOCAL in the transaction. #69224
    • Interleaved syntax for CREATE TABLE/INDEX is now a no-op, since support has been removed. #69304
    • crdb_internal.reset_sql_stats() now resets persisted SQL Stats. #69273
    • Changed the plan_hash column in both system.statement_statistics and crdb_internal.statement_statistics from Int to Bytes. #69502
    • Added the optional IF NOT EXISTS clause to the CREATE SCHEDULE statement, making the statement idempotent. #69152
    • SHOW is_superuser now works, and is set to true if the user has admin privileges. #69355
    • The set_config built-in function now allows the local parameter to be true. This is the same as using SET LOCAL. #69480
    • Added a new as_json option to SHOW BACKUP which renders the backup manifest as JSON value. #62628
    • Added a new EXPLAIN flag, MEMO, to be used with EXPLAIN (OPT). When the MEMO flag is passed, a representation of the optimizer memo will be printed along with the best plan. The MEMO flag can be used in combination with other flags such as CATALOG and VERBOSE. For example, EXPLAIN (OPT, MEMO, VERBOSE) will print the memo along with verbose output for the best plan.

    Operational changes

    • New session variable large_full_scan_rows, as well as the corresponding cluster setting sql.defaults.large_full_scan_rows, are now available. This setting determines which tables are considered "large" for the purposes of enabling disallow_full_table_scans feature to reject full table/index scans only of "large" table. The default value for the new setting is 1000, and in order to reject all full table/index scans (the previous behavior) one can set the new setting to 0. Internally issued queries aren't affected, and the new setting has no impact when disallow_full_table_scans feature is not enabled. #69371
    • Introduced new metric called txn.restarts.commitdeadlineexceeded that tracks the number of transactions that were forced to restart because their commit deadline was exceeded (COMMIT_DEADLINE_EXCEEDED). #69671
    • The default value of the storage.transaction.separated_intents.enabled cluster setting was changed to true. #64831
    • Node-level admission control that considers the CPU resource was introduced for KV request processing, and response processing (in SQL) for KV responses. This admission control can be enabled using admission.kv.enabled and admission.sql_kv_response.enabled. #65614
    • The new cluster setting bulkio.backup.merge_file_size allows BACKUP to buffer and merge smaller files to reduce the number of small individual files created by BACKUP. #66856
    • Increased the timeout for range MVCC garbage collection from 1 minute to 10 minutes, to allow larger jobs to run to completion. #65001
    • MVCC and intent garbage collection now triggers when the average intent age is 8 hours, down from 10 days. #65001
    • Added a server.authentication_cache.enabled cluster setting that defaults to true. When enabled, this cache stores authentication-related data and will improve the latency of authentication attempts. Keeping the cache up to date adds additional overhead when using the CREATE, ALTER, and DROP ROLE commands. To minimize the overhead, any bulk ROLE operations should be run inside of a transaction. To make the cache more effective, any regularly-scheduled ROLE updates should be done all together, rather than occurring throughout the day at all times. #66919
    • Introduced a new metric exportrequest.delay.total to track how long ExportRequests (issued by BACKUP) are delayed by throttling mechansisms. #67310
    • Enabling admission.kv.enabled may provide better inter-tenant isolation for multi-tenant KV nodes. #67533
    • debug.zip files no longer contain the file threads.txt, which was previously used to list RocksDB background threads. #67389
    • DistSQL response admission control can now be enabled using the cluster setting admission.sql_sql_response.enabled. #67531
    • Added the kv.bulk_sst.target_size and kv.bulk_sst.max_allowed_overage cluster settings that control the batch size used by export requests during BACKUP. #67705
    • RESTORE no longer dynamically reads from the kv.bulk_ingest.batch_size cluster setting to determine its batch size. If the value is updated, RESTORE jobs need to be PAUSEd and RESUMEd to adopt the updated setting. #68105
    • The memory pool used for SQL is now also used to cover KV memory used for scans. #66362
    • CockroachDB now records a log event and counter increment when removing an expired session. #68476
    • Added an automatically created, on by default, emergency ballast file. This new ballast defaults to the minimum of 1% total disk capacity or 1GiB. The size of the ballast may be configured via the --store flag with a ballast-size field, accepting the same value formats as the size field. Also, added a new Disk Full (10) exit code that indicates that the node exited because disk space on at least one store is exhausted. On node start, if any store has less than half the ballast's size bytes available, the node immediately exits with the Disk Full (10) exit code. The operator may manually remove the configured ballast (assuming they haven't already) to allow the node to start, and they can take action to remedy the disk space exhaustion. The ballast will automatically be recreated when available disk space is 4x the ballast size, or at least 10 GiB is available after the ballast is created. #66893
    • Added a new cluster setting, sql.mutations.max_row_size.log, which controls large row logging. Whenever a row larger than this size is written (or a single column family if multiple column families are in use) a LargeRow event is logged to the SQL_PERF channel (or a LargeRowInternal event is logged to SQL_INTERNAL_PERF if the row was added by an internal query). This could occur for INSERT, UPSERT, UPDATE, CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE INDEX, ALTER TABLE, ALTER INDEX, IMPORT, or RESTORE statements. SELECT, DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP are not affected by this setting. #67953
    • Added a new cluster setting, sql.mutations.max_row_size.err, which limits the size of rows written to the database (or individual column families, if multiple column families are in use). Statements trying to write a row larger than this will fail with a code 54000 (program_limit_exceeded) error. (Internal queries writing a row larger than this will not fail, but will log a LargeRowInternal event to the SQL_INTERNAL_PERF channel.) This limit is enforced for INSERT, UPSERT, and UPDATE statements. CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE INDEX, ALTER TABLE, ALTER INDEX, IMPORT, and RESTORE will not fail with an error, but will log LargeRowInternal events to the SQL_INTERNAL_PERF channel. SELECT, DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP are not affected by this limit. Note that existing rows violating the limit cannot be updated, unless the update shrinks the size of the row below the limit, but can be selected, deleted, altered, backed-up, and restored. For this reason we recommend using the accompanying setting sql.mutations.max_row_size.log in conjunction with SELECT pg_column_size() queries to detect and fix any existing large rows before lowering sql.mutations.max_row_size.err. #67953
    • The new cluster settings admission.l0_sub_level_count_overload_threshold and admission.l0_file_count_overload_threshold can be used to tune admission control. #69311
    • The new cluster settings sql.defaults.transaction_rows_written_log, sql.defaults.transaction_rows_written_err, sql.defaults.transaction_rows_read_log, and sql.defaults.transaction_rows_read_err (as well as the corresponding session variables) have been introduced. These settings determine the "size" of the transactions in written and read rows upon reaching of which the transactions are logged or rejected. The logging will go into the SQL_PERF logging channel. Note that the internal queries (i.e., those issued by CockroachDB internally) cannot error out but can be logged instead into SQL_INTERNAL_PERF logging channel. The "written" limits apply to INSERT, INSERT INTO SELECT FROM, INSERT ON CONFLICT, UPSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE whereas the "read" limits apply to SELECT statement in addition to all of these. These limits will not apply to CREATE TABLE AS, SELECT, IMPORT, TRUNCATE, DROP, ALTER TABLE, BACKUP, RESTORE, or CREATE STATISTICS statements. Note that enabling transaction_rows_read_err guardrail comes at the cost of disabling the usage of the auto commit optimization for the mutation statements in implicit transactions. #69202
    • The cockroach debug tsdump command now downloads histogram timeseries it silently omitted previously. #69469
    • New variables sql.mutations.max_row_size.{log|err} were renamed to sql.guardrails.max_row_size_{log|err} for consistency with other variables and metrics. #69457
    • Improved range feed observability by adding a crdb_internal.active_range_feeds virtual table which lists all currently executing range feeds on the node. #69055
    • Upgrading to the next version will be blocked if interleaved tables/indexes exist. Users should convert existing interleaved tables/indexes to non-interleaved ones or drop any interleaved tables/indexes before upgrading to the next version. #68074
    • Added support for the DataDog tracer. Set the trace.datadog.agent cluster setting to enable it if you have got the DataDog collector service running. #61602
    • Upgraded the Lightstep tracer version, resulting in better observability for Lightstep users. #61593
    • Added four new metrics, sql.guardrails.max_row_size_{log|err}.count{.internal}, which are incremented whenever a large row violates the corresponding sql.guardrails.max_row_size_{log|err} limit. #69457

    Command-line changes

    • Added load show args to display subset of backup metadata. Users can display subsets of metadata of a single manifest by using load show files/descriptors/metadata/spans <backup_url>. #61131
    • Updated load show with summary subcommand to display meta information of an individual backup. Users are now able to inspect backup metadata, files, spans, and descriptors with the CLI command cockroach load show summary <backup_url> without a running cluster. #61131
    • Updated load show with incremental subcommand to display incremental backups. Users can list incremental backup paths of a full backup by running cockroach load show incremental <backup_url>. #61862
    • Added load show backups to display backup collection. Previously, users could list backups created by BACKUP INTO via SHOW BACKUP IN in a SQL session. But this listing task can be also done offline without a running cluster. Now, users are able to list backups in a collection with cockroach load show backups <collection_url>. #61862
    • The command cockroach sysbench has been removed. Users who depend on this command can use a copy of a cockroachdb executable binary from a previous version. #62305
    • The number of connection retries and connection timeouts for configurations generated by cockroach gen haproxy have been tweaked. #62308
    • Extended load show with load show data subcommand to display backup table data. By running cockroach load show data <table> <backup_url>, users are able to inspect data of a table in backup. Also, added --as-of flag to load show data command. Users are able to show backup snapshot data at a specified timestamp by running cockroach load show data <table> <backup_url> --as-of='-1s' #62662
    • Updated load show data command to display backup data in CSV format. Users can either pipe the output to a file or specify the destination by a --destination flag. #62662
    • Previously, load show summary would output results in an unstructured way, which made it harder to filter information. load show summary now outputs the information in JSON format, which is easier to handle and can be filtered through another command-line JSON processor. #63100
    • Previously, --as-of of load show data had the restriction that users could only inspect data at an exact backup timestamp. The flag has improved to work with backups with revision history so that users can inspect data at an arbitrary timestamp. #63181
    • Certain errors caused by invalid command-line arguments are now printed on the process' standard error stream, instead of standard output. #63839
    • The cockroach gen autocomplete command has been updated and can now produce autocompletion definitions for the fish shell. #63839
    • Previously, backup inspection was done via cockroach load show .., which could confuse users with ambiguous verbs in the command chain. The syntax is now more clear and indicative for users debugging backups. The changes are: load show summary <backup_url> -> debug backup show <backup_url>; load show incremental <backup_url> -> debug backup list-incremental <backup_url>; load show backups <collection_url> -> debug backup list-backups <collection_url>; load show data <table_name> <backup_url> -> debug backup export <backup_url> --table=<table_name>. #63309
    • Previously, \demo shutdown <node_idx> would error if --global was set. This will now error gracefully as an unsupported behavior. #62435
    • The --global flag for cockroach demo is now advertised. This flag simulates latencies in multi-node demo clusters when the nodes are set in different regions to simulate real-life global latencies. #62435
    • There will now be a message upon start-up on cockroach demo --global indicating that latencies between nodes will simulate real-world latencies. #62435
    • Added --max-rows and --start-key of cockroach backup debug tool for users to specify on export row number and start key when inspecting data from backup. #64157
    • Added --with-revisions on debug export to allow users to export revisions of table data. If --with-revisions is specified, revisions of data are returned to users, with an extra column displaying the revision time of that record. This is an experimenal/beta feature of the cockroach backup debug tool to allow users to export revisions of data from backup. #64285
    • Renamed connect to connect init, and added connect join command to retrieve certificates from an existing secure cluster and setup a new node to connect with it. #63492
    • The cockroach debug keys command recognizes a new flag --type that constrains types of displayed entries. This enables more efficient introspection of storage in certain troubleshooting scenarios. #64879
    • Server health metrics are now a structured event sent to the HEALTH logging channel. For details about the event payload, refer to the reference documentation. #65024
    • Server health metrics are now optimized for machine readability by being sent as a structured event to the HEALTH logging channel. For details about the event payload, refer to the reference documentation. #65024
    • The cockroach debug pebble tool can now be used with encrypted stores. #64908
    • Added a cockroach debug job-trace command that takes 2 arguments: <jobID> and file destination, along with a --url pointing to the node on which to execute this command against. The command pulls information about inflight trace spans associated with the job and dumps it to the file destination. #65324
    • The new subcommand cockroach convert-url converts a connection URL, such as those printed out by cockroach start or included in the online documentation, to the syntax recognized by various client drivers. For example:

      $ ./cockroach convert-url --url "postgres://foo/bar"
      Connection URL for libpq (C/C++), psycopg (Python), lib/pq & pgx (Go),
      node-postgres (JS) and most pq-compatible drivers:
         postgresql://root@foo:26257/bar
      Connection DSN (Data Source Name) for Postgres drivers that accept
      DSNs - most drivers and also ODBC:
         database=bar user=root host=foo port=26257
      Connection URL for JDBC (Java and JVM-based languages):
         jdbc:postgresql://foo:26257/bar?user=root
      

      #65460

    • The URLs spelled out by cockroach start, cockroach start-single-node, and cockroach demo in various outputs now always contain a target database for the connection; for example, defaultdb for regular servers. Certain drivers previously automatically filled in the name "postgres" if the database name field was empty. #65460

    • The connection URLs spelled out by cockroach start, cockroach start-single-node, and cockroach demo in various outputs now include a variant suitable for use with JDBC client apps. #65460

    • cockroach sql and cockroach demo now support the client-side parameter border like psql. #66253

    • Added support for cockroach debug ballast on Windows. #66793

    • The cockroach import pgdump command now recognizes custom target database names inside the URL passed via --url. Additionally, the command now also accepts a --database parameter. Using this parameter is equivalent to customizing the database inside the --url flag. #66375

    • cockroach debug job-trace now creates a job-trace.zip which contains trace information for each node executing the job. #66914

    • Added the --recursive or -r flag to the cockroach userfile upload CLI command allowing users to upload the entire subtree rooted at a specified directory to user-scoped file storage: userfile upload -r path/to/source/dir destination. The destination can be expressed one of four ways:

      • Empty (not specified)
      • A relative path, such as path/to/dir
      • A well-formed URI with no host, such as userfile:///path/to/dir/
      • A full well-formed URI, such as userfile://db.schema.tablename_prefix/path/to/dir
      If a destination is not specified, the default URI scheme and host will be used, and the basename from the source will be used as the destination directory. For example: userfile://defaultdb.public.userfiles_root/yourdirectory. If the destination is a relative path such as path/to/dir, the default userfile URI schema and host will be used (userfile://defaultdb.public.userfiles_$user/), and the relative path will be appended to it. For example: userfile://defaultdb.public.userfiles_root/path/to/dir. If the destination is a well-formed URI with no host, such as userfile:///path/to/dir/, the default userfile URI schema and host will be used (userfile://defaultdb.public.userfiles_$user/). For example: userfile://defaultdb.public.userfiles_root/path/to/dir. If the destination is a full well-formed URI, such as userfile://db.schema.tablename_prefix/path/to/dir, then it will be used verbatim. For example: userfile://foo.bar.baz_root/path/to/dir. #65307

    • Previously, the crdb-v2 log file format lacked a parser. This has now changed. #65633

    • The cockroach debug merge-logs command now renders in color by default. #66629

    • CockroachDB now supports a new logging channel called TELEMETRY. This will be used in later versions to report diagnostic events useful to Cockroach Labs for product analytics. (At the time of this writing, no events are defined for the TELEMETRY channel yet.) When no logging configuration is specified, this channel is connected to file output, with a maximum retention of 1MiB. To also produce the diagnostic output elsewhere, one can define a new sink that captures this channel. For example, to see diagnostics reports on the standard error, one can use: --log='sinks: {stderr: {channels: TELEMETRY, filter: INFO}}' When configuring file output, the operator should be careful to apply a separate maximum retention for the TELEMETRY channel from other file outputs, as telemetry data can be verbose and outcrowd other logging messages. For example: --log='sinks: {file-groups: {telemetry: {channels: TELEMETRY, max-group-size: 1MB}, ...}}. #66427

    • Added the cockroach debug statement-bundle recreate <zipdir> command, which allows users to load a statement bundle into an in-memory database for inspection. #67979

    • CockroachDB server nodes now report more environment variables in logs upon startup. Only certain environment variables that may have an influence on the server's behavior are reported. #66842

    • cockroach sql and cockroach demo now support the \c / \connect client-side command, in a way similar to psql:

      • \c without arguments: display the current connection parameters.
      • \c [DB] [USER] [HOST] [PORT] connect using the specified parameters. Specify '-' to omit one parameter.
      • \c URL connect using the specified URL. For example: \c - myuser to reconnect to the same server/db as myuser.
      This feature is intended to ease switching across simulated nodes in cockroach demo. Note: \c <dbname> reuses the existing server connection to change the current database, using a SET statement. To force a network reconnect, use \c - then \c <dbname>, or use \c <dbname> -. Note: When using the syntax with discrete parameters, the generated URL reuses the same TLS parameters as the original connection, including the CA certificate used to validate the server. To use different TLS settings, use \c <URL> instead. #66258

    • Added a new HTTP sink to the logging system. This can be configured similarly to other log sinks with the new http-servers and http-defaults sections of the logging config passed via the --log or --log-config-file command-line flags. #66196

    • The \c client-side command in cockroach sql and cockroach demo now always reconnects to the server even when only changing the current database. (This negates a part of a previous release note.) #68326

    • cockroach demo now recognizes the command-line flag --listening-url-file like cockroach start and cockroach start-single-node. When specified, the demo utility will write a valid connection URL to that file after the test cluster has been initialized. This facility also makes it possible to automatically wait until the demo cluster has been initialized in automation; for example, by passing the name of a unix named FIFO via the new flag. #68706

    • cockroach mt start-sql now supports --advertise-addr in the same fashion as cockroach start. #69113

    • cockroach debug decode-proto now does not emit default values by default. #69185

    • The cockroach debug tsdump command now accepts --from and --to flags that limit for which dates timeseries are exported. #69491

    • Log file read and write permissions may now be set via the new file-permissions key in the --log flag or --log-config-file file. #69243

    • Updated the output of --locality and --locality-addr flags to use terms that match cloud provider names for things such as 'region' and 'zone'. #62381

    API endpoint changes

    • A list of node IDs representing the nodes that store data for the database has been added to the stats field in the database details endpoint under nodeIds. Database details must be requested with include_stats set to true, e.g., /_admin/v1/databases/{database}?include_stats=true. Similarly, nodeIds has also been added to the table stats endpoint, which is an ordered list of node ids that stores the table data: /_admin/v1/databases/{database}/tables/{table}/stats #69788
    • The changefeed.poll_request_nanos metric is no longer reported by the node status API, the crdb_internal.metrics table, or the Prometheus endpoint. #63935
    • The transaction abort error reason ABORT_REASON_ALREADY_COMMITTED_OR_ROLLED_BACK_POSSIBLE_REPLAY has been renamed to ABORT_REASON_RECORD_ALREADY_WRITTEN_POSSIBLE_REPLAY. #67215
    • A Stats message was added to the admin DatabaseDetails response, providing RangeCount and ApproximateDiskBytes in support of upcoming UI changes to the DB console. #67986
    • Tenant pods now expose the Statements API at /_status/statements on their HTTP port. #66675
    • Tenant pods now expose the ListSessions API at /_status/sessions on their HTTP port. #69376
    • Added a new endpoint /_status/combinedstmts to retrieve persisted and in-memory statements from crdb_internal.statement_statistics and crdb_internal.transaction_statistics by aggregated_ts range. The request supports optional query string parameters start and end, which are the date range in unix time. The response returned is currently the response expected from /_status/statements. /_status/statements has also been updated to support the parameters combined, start, and end. If combined is true, then the statements endpoint will use /_status/combinedstmts with the optional parameters start and end. #69238

    DB Console changes

    • A new column on the Database Page now shows the node and region information for each database. The Tables view now displays a summary section of the nodes and regions where the table data is stored. The new table columns and region/node sections are only displayed if there is more than one node. #69804
    • Fixed duplicates of statements on the Transaction Details Page for multi-node clusters. #61771
    • Changed copy that previously referred to the app as "Admin UI" to "DB Console" instead. #62452
    • Users can now reset SQL stats from the DB Console. #63342
    • Created new routes for statements. A database name can be passed on statements routes, so only statements executed on that particular database are displayed. Added a new function returning all databases that had at least one statement executed during the current statistics collection period. #64087
    • The lease history section on the range report debug page now shows the type of lease acquisition event that resulted in a given lease. #63822
    • Updated the DB Console to show information about the database on the Statements Page and ability to choose which columns to display. #64614
    • The DB Console now shows information about the region of a node on the Transactions Page. #64996
    • Added missing formatting for some event types displayed in the DB Console. #65717
    • Changed the default event formatting to appear less alarming to users. #65717
    • The Statement Details Page now displays information about nodes and regions a statement was executed on. #65126
    • The Statements and Transactions pages now display information about nodes and regions a statement was executed on. #65126
    • Changed time format on metrics events to 24-hour UTC time. #66277
    • Removed styling width calculation from multiple bars. #66734
    • Added a new chart showing the latency of establishing a new SQL connection, including the time spent on authentication. #66625
    • The KV transaction restarts chart was moved from the Distributed metrics to the SQL Dashboard to be close to the Open SQL Transactions chart for more prominent visibility. #66973
    • Fixed mislabelled tooltips on the Transactions and Transaction Details pages in DB console. #66605
    • The DB Console now uses dotted underline on text that contains a tooltip. The 'i' icon was removed. #67023
    • Added "" to whitespace application names on filter selection on the Statements and Transactions pages. #66967
    • Added a new Overload dashboard that groups metrics that are useful for admission control. #66595
    • The SQL Statement Contention Time chart is surfaced more prominently on the SQL Dashboard. #66969
    • Added a Full Table/Index Scans time series chart on the SQL Dashboard. #66972
    • The 'threads' debugging page, previously used to inspect RocksDB threads, has been removed. #67389
    • Fixed a color mismatch ont he node status badge on the Cluster Overview page. #68049
    • Added a CES survey link component to support being able to get client feedback. #68429
    • The Transaction Details Page's SQL box now shows all of a transaction's statements in the order that they were executed. The Transaction Details Page also no longer displays statement statistics. #68447
    • Updated the Databases Page in the DB Console to bring them into alignment with our modern UX. #68390
    • The "Logical Plan" tab in the DB Console has been renamed "Explain Plan", and the displayed plan format has been updated to match the output of the EXPLAIN command in the SQL shell. Global EXPLAIN properties have been added to the logical plan in the DB Console which were previously missing. The EXPLAIN format shown below should now be reflected in the DB Console:

        distribution: full
        vectorized: true
        • hash join
        │ estimated row count: 503
        │ equality: (rider_id) = (id)
        │
        ├── • scan
        │     estimated row count: 513 (100% of the table; stats collected 9 seconds ago)
        │     table: rides@primary
        │     spans: FULL SCAN
        │
        └── • scan
              estimated row count: 50 (100% of the table; stats collected 1 minute ago)
              table: users@primary
              spans: FULL SCAN
      

      #68566

    • Changed date times on the Jobs Page to use 24-hour UTC. #68916

    • Added admission control metrics to the Overload dashboard. #68595

    • Hid node and region information on the new tenant plan (serverless/free tier). #69444

    • Added a new date range selector component to the DB Console's Statements and Transactions pages with the ability to show historical data. The default date range is set to 1 hour ago, and is used as the value when users reset the date range. #68831

    • Fixed tooltip text on the Statements and Transactions pages to use the correct setting diagnostics.sql_stat_reset.interval instead of the previous value, diagnostics.reporting.interval. #69577

    Bug fixes

    • Fixed a bug where cluster backups with revision history may have included dropped descriptors in the "current" snapshot of descriptors on the cluster. #68983
    • Users can now only scroll in the content section of the Transactions Page, Statements Page, and Sessions Page. #69620
    • Previously, when using ALTER PRIMARY KEY on a regional by row table, the copied unique index from the old primary key would not have the correct zone configurations applied. This is now resolved, but users who encountered this bug should re-create the index. #69681
    • Fixed a bug that caused incorrect evaluation of the IN operator when the tuple on the right-hand side of the operator included a subquery, like a IN ('foo', (SELECT s FROM t), 'bar'). #69651
    • Fixed a bug where previously an internal error or a crash could occur when some crdb_internal built-in functions took string-like type arguments (e.g., name). #69698
    • Previously, users would receive a panic message when the log parser failed to extract log file formats. This has been replaced with a helpful error message. #69018
    • Fixed a bug to ensure that auxiliary tables used during cluster restore are garbage collected quickly afterwards. #67936
    • RESTORE will now correctly ignore dropped databases that may have been included in cluster backups with revision history. #68551
    • Fixed a bug that can cause prolonged unavailability due to lease transfer to a replica that may be in need of a Raft snapshot. #69696
    • Fixed a bug where resuming an active schedule would always reset its next run time. This was sometimes undesirable with schedules that had a first_run option specified. #69571
    • Fixed a regression in statistics estimation in the optimizer for very large tables. The bug, which has been present since v20.2.14 and v21.1.7, could cause the optimizer to severely underestimate the number of rows returned by an expression. #69711
    • The raft.commandsapplied metric is now populated again. #69857
    • Fixed a bug where previously the store rebalancer was unable to rebalance leases for hot ranges that received a disproportionate amount of traffic relative to the rest of the cluster. This often led to prolonged single node hotspots in certain workloads that led to hot ranges. #65379
    • Added protection to IMPORT INTO to guard against concurrent type changes on user-defined types referenced by the target table. #69674
    • DNS unavailability during range 1 leaseholder loss will no longer cause significant latency increases for queries and other operations. b6fb0e626
    • Previously, using SET in a transaction and having the transaction retry internally could result in the previous session variable being unused. For example:

      SET intervalstyle = 'postgres';
      BEGIN;
      do something with interval -- (1) SET intervalstyle = 'iso_8601';
      do something with interval -- (2) COMMIT;
      

      If the transaction retries at COMMIT, when attempting to re-run (1), we would have an interval style 'iso_8601' instead of the original 'postgres' value. This has now been resolved. #69554

    • Envelope schema in Avro registry now honors schema_prefix and full_table_name. #60946

    • Previously, a drop column would cause check constraints that are currently validating to become active on a table. This has been fixed. #62257

    • OpenTracing traces now work correctly across nodes. The client and server spans for RPCs are once again part of the same trace instead of the server erroneously being a root span. #62703

    • Fixed a bug which prevented cockroach debug doctor zipdir from validating foreign key information represented in the un-upgraded deprecated format. #62829

    • Schema changes that include both a column addition and primary key change in the same transaction no longer result in a failed changefeed. #63217

    • Fixed a bug whereby transient clock synchronization errors could result in permanent schema change failures. #63671

    • Fixed a bug of debug backup export caused by inspecting table with multiple ranges. #63678

    • Fixed a performance regression for very simple queries. #64225

    • Fixed a bug that prevented transactions which lasted longer than 5 minutes and then performed writes from committing. #63725

    • Added a fix to prevent a rare crash that could occur when reading data from interleaved tables. #64374

    • Fixed an "index out of range" internal error with certain simple queries. #65018

    • Hosts listed with the connect --join command-line flag now default to port 26257 (was 443). This matches the existing behavior of start --join. #65014

    • CockroachDB now shows a correct error message if it tries to parse an interval that is out of range. #65377

    • Fixed a bug where NaN coordinates could make ShortestLine/LongestLine panic. #65445

    • Fixed a bug whereby using an enum value as a placeholder in an AS OF SYSTEM TIME query preceding a recent change to that enum could result in a fatal error. #65620

    • Fixed a race condition where transaction cleanup would fail to take into account ongoing writes and clean up their intents. #65592

    • The Transactions Page now shows the correct value for implicit transactions. #65126

    • Fixed a bug where TIMETZ values would not display appopriately in the CLI. #65321

    • Fixed a bug which prevented adding self-referencing FOREIGN KEY constraints in the NOT VALID state. #65871

    • The cockroach mt start-sql command with a nonexistent tenant ID now returns an error. Previously, it would crash and poison the tenant ID for future usage. #65683

    • CockroachDB now correctly handles errors during the pgwire extended protocol. Specifically, when an error is detected while processing any extended protocol message, an ErrorResponse is returned; then the server reads and discards messages until a Sync command is received from the client. This matches the PostgreSQL behavior. #57590

    • Fixed a bug where owners of a table have privileges to SELECT from it, but would return false on has_*_privilege-related functions. #65766

    • Added a more accurate error message for restoring AOST before GC TTL. #66025

    • When a non-SQL CLI command (e.g., cockroach init) was invoked with the --url flag and the URL did not contain a sslmode parameter, the command was incorrecting defaulting to operate as if --insecure was specified. This has been corrected. #65460

    • The URLs printed out by the client-side command \demo ls in cockroach demo now properly include the workload database name, if any was created. #65460

    • Fixed a bug where a superfluous unique constraint would be added to a table during a primary key change when the primary key change specified a new primary key constraint that involved the same columns in the same directions. #66225

    • Properly populated crdb_internal.job's coordinator_id field, which had not been properly populated since v20.2. #61417

    • Fixed a bug in SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATIONS where long constraints fields may show \n characters. #69470

    • CockroachDB could previously error out when a query involving tuples with collated strings and NULLs was executed in a distributed manner. This is now fixed. #66337

    • Fixed a bug with PostgreSQL compatibility where dividing an interval by a number would round to the nearest Microsecond instead of always rounding down. #66345

    • Previously, rows treated as tuples in functions such as row_to_json may have had their keys normalized to lowercase, instead of being preserved in the original casing as per PostgreSQL. This is now fixed. #66535

    • CockroachDB could previously crash when executing EXPLAIN (VEC) on some mutations. This is now fixed. #66569

    • Fixed a bug that caused a panic for window functions operating in GROUPS mode with OFFSET PRECEDING start and end bounds. #66582

    • Fixed a bug on the chart catalog admin API. #66645

    • Fixed a deadlock during adminVerifyProtectedTimestamp. #66760

    • Fixed a bug where a substring of a linestring with the same points would return EMPTY instead of a POINT with the repeated point. #66738

    • Fixed a bug where it was possible for a linestring returned from ST_LineSubString to have repeated points. #66738

    • Fixed an error occurring when executing OPERATOR(pg_catalog.~). #66865

    • Fixed ST_LineSubstring for LINESTRING EMPTY panicking instead of returning null. #66936

    • A migration will be run when users upgrade to v21.2 (specifically v21.2.14). This migration fixes any privilege descriptors that were corrupted from the fallout of the ZONECONFIG/USAGE bug on tables and databases after upgrading from v20.1 to v20.2 (#65010) and those that were corrupted after converting a database to a schema (#65697). #66495

    • Fixed a bug where job leases might be revoked due to a transient network error. #67075

    • Fixed a case where IMPORT would panic when parsing geospacial schemas with spacial index tuning parameters. In particular, this bug could be triggered by specifying the fillfactor option, or setting the autovacuum_enabled option to false. #66899

    • Intent garbage collection no longer waits for or aborts running transactions. #65001

    • The Statements Page now properly displays the Statement Time label on the column selector. #67327

    • Avro feeds now support special decimals like Infinity #66870

    • Fixed a typo on the Network tooltip on the Statements Page. #65126

    • PostgreSQL-style intervals now print a + sign for day units if the year/month unit preceding was negative (e.g., -1 year -2 months 2 days will now print as -1 year -2 months +2 days). #67210

    • SQL Standard intervals will omit the day value if the day value is 0. #67210

    • Added partial redactability to log SQL statements. This change provides greater visibility to SQL usage in the logs, enabling greater ability to troubleshoot. #66359

    • Fixed a bug in jobs where failures to write to the jobs table could prevent subsequent adoption of a job until the previous node dies or the job is paused. #67671

    • Fixed a minor resource leak that occurs when a RESTORE is run. #67478

    • Previously, an unavailable node that started draining or decommissioning would be treated as live and thus could receive a lease transfer, leading to the range becoming unavailable. This has been fixed. #67319

    • INSERT and UPDATE statements which operate on larger rows are split into batches using the sql.mutations.mutation_batch_byte_size setting #67537

    • Fixed a bug that could cause the min window function to incorrectly return null when executed with a non-default EXCLUDE clause, because min and max did not ignore null input values. #68025

    • Fixed a bug that could cause a panic when a window function was executed in RANGE mode with OFFSET PRECEDING or OFFSET FOLLOWING on a datetime column. #68013

    • SHOW search_path will now properly quote $user. #68034

    • Fixed a bug where restores of data with multiple column families could be split illegally (within a single SQL row). This could result in temporary data unavailability until the ranges on either side of the invalid split were merged. #67497

    • Fixed a bug that was introduced in v21.1.5, which prevented nodes from decommissioning in a cluster if there were multiple nodes intermittently missing their liveness heartbeats. #67714

    • Fixed a bug where the schedules.backup.succeeded and schedules.backup.failed metrics would sometimes not be updated. #67855

    • Previously, a SHOW GRANTS ON TYPE db.public.typ command would not correctly show the grants if the current database was not db. This is now fixed. #68137

    • Fixed a bug which permitted the dropping of enum values which were in use in index predicates or partitioning values. #68257

    • Fixed a bug that could cause the min and max window functions to return incorrect results when the window frame for a row was smaller than the frame for the previous row. #68314

    • Previously, parsing a date from a string would incorrectly assuming YMD format instead of the MDY format if the date was formatted using the two digit format for year: "YY-MM-DD" instead of "MM-DD-YY". This has been resolved. However, if you relied on having two-digit years as YY-MM-DD, prepend 0s at the front until it is at least 3 digits; e.g., "15-10-15" for the year 15 should read "015-10-15". #68093

    • Fixed a bug where migration jobs might run and update a cluster version before the cluster was ready for the upgrade. The bug could result in many extra failed migration jobs. #67281

    • IMPORT PGDUMP with a UDT would result in a nil pointer exception. It now fails gracefully. #67994

    • Cascaded drop of views could run into 'table ...is already being dropped' errors incorrectly. This is now fixed. #68601

    • Fixed a bug in which an ENUM-type value could be dropped despite it being referenced in a table's CHECK expression. #68666

    • Fixed an oversight in the data generator for TPC-H which was causing a smaller number of distinct values to be generated for p_type and p_container in the part table than the spec called for. #68699

    • Fixed a bug that created non-partial unique constraints when a user attempted to create a partial unique constraint in ALTER TABLE statements. #68629

    • Fixed a bug where encryption-at-rest registry would accumulate nonexistent file entries forever, contributing to the filesystem operation's latency on the store. #68394

    • Fixed a bug where IMPORT would incorrectly reset its progress upon resumption. #68337

    • Previously, given a table with hash-sharded indexes, the output of SHOW CREATE TABLE was not round-trippable: executing the output would not create an identical table. This has been fixed by showing CHECK constraints that are automatically created for these indexes in the output of SHOW CREATE TABLE. The bug had existed since v21.1. #69001

    • Importing tables via IMPORT PGDUMP or IMPORT MYSQL should now honor cluster setting sql.defaults.default_int_size and session variable default_int_size. #68902

    • Fixed a bug with cardinality estimation in the optimizer that was introduced in v21.1.0. This bug could cause inaccurate row count estimates in queries involving tables with a large number of null values. As a result, it was possible that the optimizer could choose a suboptimal plan. This issue has now been fixed. #69070

    • Fixed internal or "invalid cast" errors in some cases involving cascading updates. #69126

    • Previously, CockroachDB could return an internal error when performing the streaming aggregation in some edge cases, and this is now fixed. The bug had been present since v21.1. #69122

    • Introduced checks on Statements and Transactions pages so that the managed repo can update the cluster-ui version. #69205

    • When using COPY FROM .. BINARY, the correct format code will now be returned. #69066

    • Previously, COPY FROM ... BINARY would return an error if the input data was split across different messages. This is now fixed. #69066

    • Previously, COPY FROM ... CSV would require each CopyData message to be split at the boundary of a record. This was a bug since the COPY protocol would allow messages to be split at arbitrary points. This is now fixed. #69066

    • Previously, COPY FROM ... CSV did not correctly handle octal byte escape sequences such as \011 when using a BYTEA column. This is now fixed. #69066

    • Fixed a bug that caused internal errors with set operations, like UNION, and columns with tuple types that contained constant NULL values. This bug was introduced in v20.2. #68627

    • Fixed a crash when using the cockroach backup debug tool. #69251

    • Previously, after a temporary node outage, other nodes in the cluster could fail to connect to the restarted node due to their circuit breakers not resetting. This would manifest in the logs via messages "unable to dial nXX: breaker open", where XX is the ID of the restarted node. (Note that such errors are expected for nodes that are truly unreachable, and may still occur around the time of the restart, but for no longer than a few seconds). This is now fixed. #69405

    • Previously, table stats collection issued via an ANALYZE or CREATE STATISTICS statement without specifying AS OF SYSTEM TIME option could run into flow: memory budget exceeded. This has been fixed. #69483

    • Fixed a bug where IMPORT internal retries (i.e., due to node failures) might not pick up the latest progress updates. #68218

    • Fixed a bug where the summary displayed after an IMPORT command would sometimes be inaccurate due to retries. #68218

    • Long-running ANALYZE statements will no longer result in GC TTL errors. #68929

    Performance improvements

    • Intent resolution for transactions that write many intents such that we track intent ranges, for the purpose of intent resolution, is much faster (potentially 100x) when using the separated lock table. #66268
    • Updated the optimizer cost model so that all else being equal, the optimizer prefers plans in which LIMIToperators are pushed as far down the tree as possible. This can reduce the number of rows that need to be processed by higher operators in the plan tree, thus improving performance. #69688
    • QPS-based replica rebalancing is now aware of different constraints placed on different replication zones. This means that heterogeneously loaded replication zones (for instance, regions) will achieve a more even distribution of QPS within the stores inside each of these zone. #65379
    • Some additional expressions using the <@ (contained by) and @> (contains) operators now support index-acceleration with the indexed column on either side of the expression. #61219
    • Some additional expressions using the <@ (contained by) and @> (contains) operators now support index-acceleration with the indexed column on either side of the expression. #61817
    • Columns that are held constant in partial index predicates can now be produced when scanning the partial index. This eliminates unnecessary primary index joins to retrieve those constant columns in some queries, resulting in lower latency. #62406
    • Inverted joins using <@ (contained by) and @> (contains) operators are now supported with the indexed column on either side of the expression. #62626
    • The optimizer now folds functions to NULL when the function does not allow NULL arguments and one of the arguments is a NULL constant. As a result, more efficient query plans will be produced for queries with these types of function calls. #62924
    • Expressions with the -> (fetch val) operator on the left side of either <@ (contained by) or @> (contains) now support index-acceleration. #63048
    • SQL will now emit GetRequests when possible to KV instead of always emitting ScanRequests. This manifests as a modest performance improvement for some workloads. #61583
    • Set operations (UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, INTERSECT ALL, EXCEPT, and EXCEPT ALL) can now maintain ordering if both inputs are ordered on the desired output ordering. This can eliminate unnecessary sort operations and improve performance. #63805
    • Reduced memory usage in some write-heavy workloads. #64222
    • Increased the intelligence of the optimizer around the ability of a scan to provide certain requested orderings when some of the columns are held constant. This can eliminate unneeded sort operations in some cases, resulting in improved performance. #64254
    • Increased the intelligence of the optimizer around orderings that can be provided by certain relational expressions when some columns are constant or there are equalities between columns. This can allow the optimizer to plan merge joins, streaming group bys, and streaming set operations in more cases, resulting in improved performance. #64501
    • Increased the intelligence of the optimizer around orderings that can be provided by certain relational expressions when there are equalities between columns. This can allow the optimizer to remove unnecessary sort operations in some cases, thus improving performance. #64593
    • Improved the performance for distributed queries that need to send a lot of data of certain datatypes across the network. #64169
    • Peak memory usage in the lock table is now significantly reduced. Runaway CPU usage due to wasted quadratic time complexity in clearing unclearable locks is addressed. #64102
    • The selectivity of query filters with OR expressions is now calculated more accurately during query optimization, improving query plans in some cases. #64886
    • Validation of a new UNIQUE index in a REGIONAL BY ROW table no longer requires an inefficient and memory-intensive hash aggregation query. The optimizer can now plans the validation query so that it uses all streaming operations, which are much more efficient. #65355
    • A limited scan now checks for conflicting locks in an optimistic manner, which means it will not conflict with locks (typically unreplicated locks) that were held in the scan's full spans, but were not in the spans that were scanned until the limit was reached. This behavior can be turned off by changing the value of the cluster setting kv.concurrency.optimistic_eval_limited_scans.enabled to false. #58670
    • Queries that produce a lot of rows in the result usually will now run faster when executed via the vectorized execution engine. #65289
    • Inner, Left, and Semi joins involving REGIONAL BY ROW tables can now take advantage of locality-optimized search. This optimization allows lookup joins to avoid communicating with remote nodes if a lookup is known to produce at most one match per input row, and all matches are found locally. This can reduce query latency. #65784
    • Improved the performance of has_table_privilege by using an internal cache for performing privilege lookups. #65766
    • Improved the performance of has_any_column_privilege by removing some internal queries. #65766
    • Improved the performance of has_column_privilege by removing excessive queries. #65766
    • When admission control is enabled, work sent to the KV layer is subject to admission control that takes into account write overload in the storage engines. #65850
    • Regexp expressions that restrict values to a prefix (e.g., x ^ '^foo') now result in better plans if there is a suitable index. #66441
    • The optimizer can now create query plans that use streaming set operations, even when no ordering is required by the query. Streaming set operations are more efficient than the alternative hash set operations, because they avoid the overhead of building a hash table. This can result in improved performance for queries containing the set operations UNION, INTERSECT, INTERSECT ALL, EXCEPT, and EXCEPT ALL. (UNION ALL does not benefit from this optimization.) #64953
    • A limited scan now checks for conflicting latches in an optimistic manner, which means it will not conflict with latches that were held in the scan's full spans, but were not in the spans that were scanned until the limit was reached. This behavior can be turned off (along with optimistic locking) by changing the value of the cluster setting kv.concurrency.optimistic_eval_limited_scans.enabled to false. #66059
    • The optimizer is now less likely to create query plans that require buffering a large number of rows in memory. This can improve performance by reducing memory pressure and reducing the likelihood that execution operators will need to spill to disk. #66559
    • Validation of a new partial UNIQUE index in a REGIONAL BY ROW table no longer requires an inefficient and memory-intensive hash aggregation query. The optimizer can now plan the validation query so that it uses all streaming operations, which are much more efficient. #66565
    • Fixed a performance regression that made the in-memory vectorized sorter slower than the row-engine sorter when the input had decimal columns. #66807
    • Increased the default value for the kv.transaction.max_intents_bytes cluster setting from 256KB to 4MB to improve transaction performance for large transactions at the expense of increased memory usage. Transactions above this size limit use slower cleanup mode for commits and aborts. #66859
    • Adjusted optimizer cost to include CPU cost of lookupExprs when used by lookup joins. When a lookup join is chosen we can use two strategies: a simple 1-column lookup or a more involved multi-column lookup that makes more efficient use of indexes but has higher CPU cost. This change makes the cost model reflect that extra cost. #66786
    • Improved the efficiency of validation for some partial unique indexes in REGIONAL BY ROW tables by improving the query plan to use all streaming operations. #67263
    • The latency of authenticating a user has been improved by adding a cache for lookups of authentication related information. #66919
    • Improved the optimizer's cardinality estimations for enum columns, including the crdb_region column in REGIONAL BY ROW tables, as well as all other columns with user-defined types. This may result in the optimizer choosing a better query plan in some cases. #67374
    • Eliminated a round-trip when running most jobs. #67671
    • The performance of queries returning many arrays has been improved. #66941
    • Improved concurrency control for heavily contended write queries outside of transactions that touch multiple ranges, reducing excessive aborts and retries. #67215
    • The optimizer can now decorrelate queries that have a limit on the right (uncorrelated) input of a lateral join when the limit is greater than one. #68299
    • Sort performance has been improved when sorting columns of type STRING, BYTES, or UUID. #67451
    • Lookup joins on partial indexes with virtual columns are no considered by the optimizer, resulting in more efficient query plans in some cases. #68568
    • The COCKROACHDB_REGISTRY file used for encryption-at-rest will be replaced with a COCKROACHDB_ENCRYPTION_REGISTRY, which can be written to in a more efficient manner. #67320
    • Reduce memory usage slightly during ANALYZE or CREATE STATISTICS statements. #69051
    • The optimizer more accurately costs streaming group-by operators. As a result, more efficient query plans should be chosen in some cases. #68922
    • If the query is executed locally and needs to perform reads from multiple remote leaseholders, those remote reads might now be done faster. This is especially likely for the case of locality optimized search when there is a local region miss. #68679
    • Improved the histogram construction logic so that histograms for columns with a large number of distinct values are more accurate. This can result in better cardinality estimates in the optimizer and enable the optimizer to choose better query plans. #68698
    • Locality-optimized search is now supported for scans that are guaranteed to return 100,000 keys or less. This optimization allows the execution engine to avoid visiting remote regions if all requested keys are found in the local region, thus reducing the latency of the query. #69395

    Build changes

    • Added go-swagger dependency. Updated Makefile to call it to rebuild spec in docs/generated/swagger/, which will eventually be used for API docs. #62560

    Contributors

    This release includes 2750 merged PRs by 229 authors. We would like to thank the following contributors from the CockroachDB community:

    • AJ (first-time contributor)
    • Alan Acosta (first-time contributor)
    • Aleksandr Fedorov (first-time contributor)
    • Callum Neenan (first-time contributor)
    • Catherine J (first-time contributor)
    • David López
    • Eugene Kalinin
    • Ganeshprasad Biradar (first-time contributor)
    • Jane Xing (first-time contributor)
    • Janusz Marcinkiewicz (first-time contributor)
    • Jonathan Albrecht (first-time contributor)
    • Julien Levesy (first-time contributor)
    • Justin Lowery (first-time contributor)
    • K Rain Leander (first-time contributor)
    • Keith McClellan (first-time contributor)
    • Kumar Akshay
    • Lakshmi Kannan (first-time contributor)
    • Lauren Barker (first-time contributor)
    • Masahiro Ikeda (first-time contributor)
    • Max Neverov
    • Miguel Novelo (first-time contributor)
    • Mohammad Aziz (first-time contributor)
    • Mohit Agarwal (first-time contributor)
    • Nikola N (first-time contributor)
    • OrlovM (first-time contributor)
    • Rupesh Harode (first-time contributor)
    • Sam X Smith (first-time contributor)
    • Shivam Agrawal (first-time contributor)
    • Sumit Tembe (first-time contributor)
    • Tharun
    • Wilson Meng (first-time contributor)
    • Zhou Xing (first-time contributor)
    • Zijie Lu (first-time contributor)
    • aayush (first-time contributor)
    • ajstorm (first-time contributor)
    • auxten (first-time contributor)
    • e-mbrown (first-time contributor)
    • joesankey (first-time contributor)
    • kurokochin (first-time contributor)
    • linyimin (first-time contributor)
    • oeph (first-time contributor)
    • rharding6373 (first-time contributor)
    • seekingua (first-time contributor)
    • snyk-bot (first-time contributor)
    • yangxuan (first-time contributor)
    • zhangwei.95 (first-time contributor)

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